Making lives under closure : birth and medicine in Palestine's waiting zones

Thesis (Ph. D. in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HASTS))--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Science, Technology and Society, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 254-262).Reproduction is a site for understanding the ways in which people reconceptualize and re-organize the world in which they live. This dissertation tries to understand the world of birth under the regime of closures and fragmentation that governs the lives of Palestinians. It describes how checkpoints, closures, curfews have come to characterize childbirth in Palestine. It illustrates how the changing infrastructure, economy and discourse around birth produce new experiences of life in the medical sphere and in a family. Oral histories, life histories, doctors', midwives' and mothers' accounts, news reports and literature speak of these new conditions and experiences of birth and life. The meanings and structures of medicine, family and motherhood are thus remade. Oral histories focus on a history of the health infrastructure and movements in medicine, in particular the sumud (steadfastness) movement and the popular health movement. They illustrate how the figure of the doctor overlaps with that of the political leader. They identify the new health infrastructures built to assist birth during the closure which have different politics than the earlier movements, marking the post-socialist age, but show remarkable continuities with them in their emergence, mobilization and hierarchies. These new infrastructures, economies and discourses produce changing stories about birth and changing subjects. I identify two genres of birth stories, the first, narrated by mothers and the second, collected from newspapers. The former is in the register of the ordinary. The mothers remember the space of the hospital, a socio-economic space signaling class, as well as the trip from home to hospital and back. The stories seem uncanny. Occupation, closures and warfare are simply part of the ordinary. By contrast, the newspaper birth stories are sensational. They tell of checkpoint and prison births, occupation, suffering and resistance. They speak of miraculous redemption but in opposition to mothers' narrations, they are familiar. Finally, listening to the inner worlds of birth-mothers under the impress of economic, political and domestic pressures this dissertation distinguishes "enclosure" as a worldview caused by occupation and family relations, thus re-evaluating meanings of family, motherhood and life.by Livia Wick.Ph.D.in History, Anthropology, and Science, Technology and Society (HAST

Cultural beliefs that may discourage breastfeeding among Lebanese women: a qualitative analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although the health benefits of breastfeeding are well established, early introduction of formula remains a common practice. Cultural beliefs and practices can have an important impact on breastfeeding. This paper describes some common beliefs that may discourage breastfeeding in Lebanon.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Participants were healthy first-time mothers recruited from hospitals throughout Lebanon to participate in a study on usage patterns of a telephone hotline for postpartum support. The hotline was available to mothers for the first four months postpartum and patterns of usage, as well as questions asked were recorded. Thematic analysis of the content of questions which referred to cultural beliefs and practices related to breastfeeding was conducted.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty four percent of the 353 women enrolled in the study called the hotline, and 50% of the calls included questions about breastfeeding. Mothers expressed concern about having adequate amounts of breast milk or the quality of their breast milk. Concerns that the mother could potentially harm her infant though breastfeeding were rooted in a number of cultural beliefs. Having an inherited inability to produce milk, having "bad milk", and transmission of abdominal cramps to infants through breast milk were among the beliefs that were expressed. Although the researchers live and work in Lebanon, they were not aware of many of the beliefs that are reported in this study.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>There are a number of cultural beliefs that could potentially discourage breastfeeding among Lebanese women. Understanding and addressing local beliefs and customs can help clinicians to provide more culturally appropriate counselling about breastfeeding.</p

Dynamic conformal cooling improves injection molding : hybrid molds manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

To achieve a certain visual quality or acceptable surface appearance in injection-molded components, a higher mold Surface temperature is needed. In order to achieve this, injection molds can be dynamically tempered by integrating an active heating and cooling process inside the mold halves. This heating and cooling of the mold halves becomes more efficient when the temperature change occurs closer to the mold surface. Complex channels that carry cold or hot liquids can be manufactured close to the mold surface by using the layer by layer principle of additive manufacturing. Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), as an additive manufacturing process, has special advantages; in particular, so-called hybrid tools can be manufactured. For example, complex tool inserts with conformal cooling channels can be additively built on simple, machined baseplates. This paper outlines the thermal simulation carried out to optimize the injection molding process by use of dynamic conformal cooling. Based on the results of this simulation, a mold with conformal cooling channels was designed and Additively manufactured in maraging steel (1.2709) and then experimentally tested

World Englishes and English as a lingua franca in interpreter training

The global spread of English, its diversification into Englishes or varied forms of English at meetings and conferences and the marked increase in source speeches produced by non-native English speakers are key factors impacting the work of conference interpreters today. Yet, interpreting students are still predominantly trained for contexts in which native speakers communicate with other native speakers of different languages. This paper reports on one of the first research-monitored training modules attempting to raise students' awareness of the new situation and help them to develop coping strategies for various (non-native) forms of English in the world. At the ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences’ Institute of Translation and Interpreting (IUED), „global Englishes“ mock conference units were introduced into the curriculum over three autumn terms from 2012 to 2014. The paper analyses students’ interpretations of African ESL (English as a second language) speeches as well as an innovative way of conducting research. It then presents introspective data gathered from the interpreter trainees’ experience of genuine ELF (English as a lingua franca) conference performances. Finally, it discusses the implications of ESL- and ELF-speaker-induced problems for interpreter training. In conclusion, the paper draws attention to the benefits of a systematic module combining interpreting practice with theoretical reflection as well as of combinational transcription and cross-method analysis procedures

Konturnahe Vario-Temperierung optimiert Spritzguss : Hybridwerkzeuge additiv gefertigt

Spritzgussprozesse müssen immer effizienter gestaltet werden. D.h. die Produktivität bei höherer Qualität muss gesteigert werden. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, können Spritzgusswerkzeuge temperiert werden, der Einspritzprozess, die Füllung des Werkzeugs wird durch diskretes Aufheizen und der Abkühlprozess wird durch eine Kühlung der Werkzeughälften begleitet. Das Aufheizen und Kühlen der Werkzeughälften sind umso effizienter je näher Kühlung und Heizung an der Werkzeugoberfläche wirkt. Durch die schichtweise additive Fertigung der Werkzeuge lassen sich Kanäle, die kalte oder heisse Flüssigkeiten führen, konturnah direkt unter der Werkzeugoberfläche fertigen. Das selektive Laserschmelzen als additives Fertigungsverfahren hat hierbei besondere Vorteile, insbesondere können auch sogenannte Hybridwerkzeuge gefertigt werden, d.h. auf einfachen Werkzeuggrundplatten oder -einsätzen lassen sich die komplexen Strukturen mit konturnaher Temperierung additiv aufbauen. In diesem Beitrag werden thermische Simulationen bezüglich der Optimierung des Spritzgussprozesses durch den Einsatz einer Variotemperierung gezeigt. Im Weiteren wurde ein Variotherm-Werkzeug in Werkzeugstahl mit konturnaher Temperierung entwickelt und additiv mittels selektiven Laserschmelzens hergestellt und im Einsatz erprobt. Anhand von weiteren Beispielen werden erfolgreiche Umsetzungen dieser Technologie aber auch die Herausforderungen insbesondere bei der additiven Herstellung von Hybridwerkzeugen dargestellt

Dynamic conformal cooling improves injection molding : hybrid molds manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

The published paper related to this presentation is published here: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-021-06794-0To achieve a certain visual quality or acceptable surface appearance in injection-molded components, a higher mold Surface temperature is needed. In order to achieve this, injection molds can be dynamically tempered by integrating an active heating and cooling process inside the mold halves. This heating and cooling of the mold halves becomes more efficient when the temperature change occurs closer to the mold surface. Complex channels that carry cold or hot liquids can be manufactured close to the mold surface by using the layer by layer principle of additive manufacturing. Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), as an additive manufacturing process, has special advantages; in particular, so-called hybrid tools can be manufactured. For example, complex tool inserts with conformal cooling channels can be additively built on simple, machined baseplates. This paper outlines the thermal simulation carried out to optimize the injection molding process by use of dynamic conformal cooling. Based on the results of this simulation, a mold with conformal cooling channels was designed and Additively manufactured in maraging steel (1.2709) and then experimentally tested