THE USE OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND PRAGMATIC CUES IN NOVEL VERB LEARNING: A CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDY OF MANDARIN CHINESE AND ENGLISH

As children hear a novel verb in a NOUN-VERB-NOUN (i.e., NVN) structure, they generally infer that the verb is transitive, like the verb “hit” (Naigles, 1990; Yuan, Fisher, & Snedeker, 2012). However, the relationship between sentence structure and a verb’s transitivity status is not straightforward. Particularly, in typologically pro-drop languages, such as Mandarin Chinese, the object in a sentence is often dropped, so that transitive verbs commonly appear in the NOUN-VERB (i.e., NV) structure. Transitive verbs thus appear in variable sentence structures in Mandarin. On the other hand, though English also allows object dropping, object dropping does not occur as frequently and freely as in Mandarin. Discourse studies show that speakers’ uses of object-dropping are closely related to the discourse-pragmatic principle of NEWNESS/OLDNESS, which is linguistically universal. Therefore, this study compared Mandarin-speaking and English-speaking children’s interpretation of a novel verb in an object-dropping context, specifically testing whether children in both language groups could utilize the NEWNESS/OLDNESS cue in the context of object omission, then interpret a verb as still being transitive in the NV structure. Children from both language groups participated in a verb-learning experiment, in which novel verbs were presented in the object-dropping context, an NV-only, and an NVN-only context. After learning the novel verbs, children decided whether the novel verbs were transitive or intransitive. Results suggest that for both language groups, when novel verbs were presented in the object-dropping context (i.e., NVN sentence followed by a NV sentence), children gave more transitive/causative interpretations than when these verbs were presented in the NV-only context. This suggests that children from both language groups used the pragmatic cue of NEWNESS/OLDNESS in the object-omission context. The results also show that across languages, children interpreted a verb as transitive very frequently when it was presented in the NVN-only context, suggesting the universality of the use of the NVN structure cue. In the NV-only context, Mandarin-speaking children were more likely to give a causative interpretation than English-speaking children did. This discrepancy reflects the fact that object dropping is much more common in daily conversations in Mandarin than in English. In sum, this study found that children across languages used the NVN syntactic cue in novel verb learning. English-speaking children used the pragmatic cue of NEWNESS/OLDNESS to learn novel verbs. Mandarin-speaking children most likely did the same

Early Identification of Reading Disabilities within a RTI Framework

Early and accurate identification of children at risk for reading disabilities (RD) is critical for the prevention of RD within a RTI framework. In this study, we investigated the use of universal screening and progress monitoring for the early identification of RD in kindergarten children. Three-hundred sixty-six children were administered a battery of screening measures at the beginning of kindergarten and progress monitoring probes across the school year. A subset of children who showed initial risk for RD also received a 26-week Tier 2 intervention. Participants’ achievement in word reading accuracy and/or fluency was assessed at the end of first grade. Results indicated that a screening battery containing measures of letter naming fluency, phonological awareness, rapid naming or nonword repetition accurately identified good and poor readers at the end of first grade. Findings also showed that children’s response to supplemental and/or classroom instruction measured in terms of growth in letter naming fluency added significantly to the prediction of reading outcomes

SINC: Self-Supervised In-Context Learning for Vision-Language Tasks

Large Pre-trained Transformers exhibit an intriguing capacity for in-context learning. Without gradient updates, these models can rapidly construct new predictors from demonstrations presented in the inputs. Recent works promote this ability in the vision-language domain by incorporating visual information into large language models that can already make in-context predictions. However, these methods could inherit issues in the language domain, such as template sensitivity and hallucination. Also, the scale of these language models raises a significant demand for computations, making learning and operating these models resource-intensive. To this end, we raise a question: ``How can we enable in-context learning without relying on the intrinsic in-context ability of large language models?". To answer it, we propose a succinct and general framework, Self-supervised IN-Context learning (SINC), that introduces a meta-model to learn on self-supervised prompts consisting of tailored demonstrations. The learned models can be transferred to downstream tasks for making in-context predictions on-the-fly. Extensive experiments show that SINC outperforms gradient-based methods in various vision-language tasks under few-shot settings. Furthermore, the designs of SINC help us investigate the benefits of in-context learning across different tasks, and the analysis further reveals the essential components for the emergence of in-context learning in the vision-language domain.Comment: Accepted by ICCV 2023; Camera Ready Versio

Anti-enterovirus 71 compounds of Melastoma candidum D. Don

腸病毒71型 (enterovirus 71, EV71) 為我國衛生署疾管局法定第三類傳染病，幼童為感染併發重症及死亡之高危險群，重症致死率約為3.8~25.7%。感染EV71的治療目前以支持療法為主，臨床上尚無有效的藥物及疫苗。根據本研究室先前之研究結果，野牡丹95%乙醇萃取物能有效的對抗EV71 (IC50: 34.58±0.89 μg/mL)，因此本研究進一步探討野牡丹抗EV71之活性成分及相關作用機轉。 野牡丹95%乙醇萃取物首先經由Amberlite XAD-7HP管柱層析得11個活性區分 (區分A~K; IC50: 8.95±0.76~ >160 μg/mL)，其中以區分I有較低的IC50 (14.34±0.31 μg/mL) 及最高的選擇指數 (selectivity index, SI; 6.1)。接著區分I以製備型RP-C18 HPLC管柱進行第二次分離，得到區分I-1~I-3三個活性區分 (IC50: 0.66±0.00~17.73±1.45 μg/mL; SI: 2.3~258 )。最後將區分I-2以半製備型RP-C18 HPLC管柱進行第三次分離，主要得到區分I-2-b (IC50: 1.24±0.16 μg/mL; SI: 7.7)。 其中區分I-2-b及區分I-3經由紫外光/可見光光譜儀、核磁共振光譜儀、液相串聯質譜儀及高解析質譜儀等，進行圖譜分析鑑定化學結構，區分I-2-b及I-3分別為5,7,3’-trihydroxy-3,4’-dimethoxyflavone及 5,3’-dihydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone (ayanin，阿亞黃素)，皆為類黃酮化合物。此二化合物首次由野牡丹被分離出，且首次由本研究提出具有高度抗EV71之活性，IC50及IC30分別為1.24±0.16 μg/mL及0.66±0.00 μg/mL。其中，ayanin之抑制EV71作用機轉包括預防病毒感染、直接殺死病毒 (或抑制病毒吸附宿主細胞) 以及抑制病毒早期複製等作用，以抑制病毒之複製為主要抑制作用。5,7,3’-trihydroxy-3,4’-dimethoxyflavone和ayanin具有開發成為對抗EV71之治療藥物的潛力。目次 中文摘要 i Abstract ii 目次 iii 圖表目次 v 壹、 前言 1 貳、文獻回顧 2 一、腸病毒71型概述 2 (一) 腸病毒71型及株系介紹 2 (二) 腸病毒71型傳播與臨床症狀 2 (三) 腸病毒71型流行病學 4 (四) 腸病毒71型致病機制 8 (五) 腸病毒71型對抗方針及機轉 10 二、野牡丹概述 22 (一) 野牡丹藥材介紹 22 (二) 野牡丹化學組成與生理活性 22 參、研究目的 26 肆、研究架構 27 伍、材料與方法 28 一、材料 28 (一) 生藥材 28 (二) 微生物 28 (三) 實驗儀器 29 二、方法 29 (一) 細菌培養 29 (二) 細胞培養 30 (三) 病毒培養 32 (四) 野牡丹95%乙醇萃取物製備 34 (五) 最低抑菌濃度 (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC) 測定 34 (六) 50% 細胞毒性濃度 (50% cytotoxin concentration, CC50) 測定 35 (七) 抗病毒活性試驗 35 (八) 抗EV71活性成分分離 37 (九) 區分I-3及I-2-b之化學結構鑑定 39 陸、結果與討論 42 一、野牡丹之95%乙醇萃取率 42 二、野牡丹95%乙醇萃取物之抗微生物活性 42 三、野牡丹95%乙醇萃取物抗EV71活性成分分離 42 (一) Amberlite XAD-7HP管柱層析分離 42 (二) 製備型RP-C18 HPLC管柱層析分離 48 (三) 半製備型RP-C18 HPLC管柱層析分離 48 四、區分I-3及I-2-b之化學結構鑑定與生理活性 54 (一) 區分I-3之化學結構鑑定 54 (二) 阿亞黃素之抗EV71作用機轉 58 (三) 區分I-2-b之化學結構鑑定 64 (四) 5,7,3’-三羥基-3,4’-二甲氧基黃酮之抗EV71活性 69 柒、結論 77 捌、參考文獻 78   圖表目次 附圖一 腸病毒71型與其病毒基因組之結構 3 附圖二 微小病毒科之複製 9 附圖三 野牡丹 23 附表一 1969至2008年間腸病毒71型於世界各地爆發紀錄 5 附表二 腸病毒71型亞型於1973至2008年在亞太地區流行報導 7 附表三 合成化合物之抗EV71活性 12 附表四 天然物之抗EV71活性 14 附表五 臨床試驗之製備候選去活化全病毒疫苗 20 附表六 文獻中之EV71候選疫苗 21 圖一 野牡丹抗腸病毒71型之活性成分分離流程 44 圖二 野牡丹95%乙醇萃取物之Amberlite XAD-7HP管柱層析圖 46 圖三 區分I之製備型高效能液相層析圖 49 圖四 區分I-2之半製備型高效能液相層析圖 52 圖五 區分I-3之紫外光/可見光圖譜 55 圖六 區分I-3之1H-NMR圖譜 56 圖七 區分I-3之13C-NMR圖譜 57 圖八 5,3’-二羥基-3,7,4’-三甲氧基黃酮 (阿亞黃素，fr.I-3) 之化學結構 60 圖九 區分I-3之ESI-MS (+) 質譜圖 61 圖十 區分I-3之質譜儀主要斷裂片段 62 圖十一 阿亞黃素 (區分I-3) 之時間點分析試驗 63 圖十二 區分I-2-b之紫外光/可見光圖譜 65 圖十三 區分I-2-b之1H-NMR圖譜 66 圖十四 區分I-2-b之13C-NMR圖譜 67 圖十五 區分I-2-b之ESI-MS質譜圖 68 圖十六5,7,3’-三羥基-3,4’-二甲氧基黃酮 (fr.I-2-b) 之化學結構 70 圖十七 區分I-2-b之質譜儀主要斷裂片段 71 圖十八 野牡丹抗腸病毒71型之活性成分分離結果 73 表一 野牡丹95%乙醇萃取物之抗微生物活性 43 表二 野牡丹95%乙醇萃取物抗EV71活性成分之Amberlite XAD-7HP管柱分離 47 表三 區分I之抗EV71活性成分之製備型HPLC分離 50 表四 區分I-3對EV71之抑制率 51 表五 區分I-2抗EV71活性成分之半製備型HPLC分離 53 表六 區分I-3之氫譜和碳譜數據 59 表七 野牡丹95%乙醇萃取物抗EV71活性成分之分離總表 7

A Study of Job Crafting at Preschools

以前如果你討厭你的工作，可能只有辭職或忍耐這兩種選擇，但是最近學者開始鼓吹第三條路：從事「工作塑造」，想辦法給你討厭的工作一個新樣子，讓你覺得工作其實也可以是一件很有意思的事情。 本研究的目的在於：(一)歸納幼兒園園長與教師工作塑造之樣貌；(二)探討幼兒園園長與教師工作塑造之歷程；(三)比較幼兒園園長與教師工作塑造之異同。本研究主要採取質性研究方法，從臺北市、新北市91~95年幼兒園教育評鑑績優名單中，立意取樣選取公、私立各25位園長和教師進行個別訪談，所有訪談錄音在轉換成逐字稿後，再以MAXQDA質性分析軟體進行資料的編碼分類。 本研究獲致之結論歸納如下： 一、幼教工作者的工作內涵多元，因此，其所從事的工作塑造樣貌非常豐富。 二、幼教工作者的工作塑造歷程，可分為：動機、學習歷程、工作疆界改變、挑戰、及調適行動五大部分。 三、幼兒園園長與教師所從事的工作塑造有許多異同處。 (一)相同處：由於園長與教師的背景與工作環境相似，在從事工作塑造的動機、學習歷程、改變的工作疆界、遭遇的挑戰、及採取的調適行動，皆有大範圍的重疊。 (二)相異處： 1.園長─工作疆界改變主要聚焦在全園園務上，然受限僵固的園所文化、害怕干擾他人，而減少從事工作塑造的頻率，故採取調適行動幫助自己創造更多的工作塑造機會。 2.教師─工作疆界改變主要聚焦在班級課程與教學上，然受限缺乏權力，而減少從事工作塑造的頻率，故採取調適行動幫助自己尋找更多支援以獲得工作塑造機會。Once upon a time, if you hated your job, maybe you only can choose to quit or to endure it. Recently, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option：Doing “Job Crafting“ to make a new shape for your disagreeable job. Then, you will think that work is very interesting. This research aims to：(a) sum up the forms of Job Crafting at preschools；(b) probe into the course of Job Crafting at preschools；(c) compare the similarities and differences between principal and teacher at preschools. This study adopts qualitative research way in the main. We are in the light of “The list of outstanding performance educational evaluation in Taipei City and New Taipei City at 91 - 95” and using the purposeful sampling method to select each 25 of principal and teacher in public and private preschools to have an individual interview. And all the sound recordings are converting to verbatim recordings. Than we put data into the MAXQDA for coding and classification. Results show as follows: I. Due to principal and teacher at preschools has multiple contents of work, the forms of Job Crafting they engaged are rich. II. Principal and teacher at preschools have the same course of Job Crafting, including:motivation, learning, change of working boundary, challenge, and adaptive move. III. There are a lot of similarities and differences between principal and teacher at preschools, when they are engaged in the Job Crafting. A. The similarities：Due to principal and teacher at preschools has the same background and working environment, they have a lot of similarities on motivation, learning method, change of working boundaries, challenge, and adaptive move for Job Crafting. B. The differences： 1. Principals ─ The change of working boundaries is focused on affairs about program. They limited by the rigid culture of program and not encroaching on others. They take adaptive moves to create more opportunities of Job Crafting. 2. Teachers ─ The change of working boundaries is focused on affairs about curriculum and teaching. They limited by lacking formal power. They take adaptive moves to find support to get more opportunities of Job Crafting

Optimization of a Fuzzy-Logic-Control-Based Five-Stage Battery Charger Using a Fuzzy-Based Taguchi Method

energie

An Online Parameter Estimation Using Current Injection with Intelligent Current-Loop Control for IPMSM Drives

An online parameter estimation methodology using the d-axis current injection, which can estimate the distorted voltage of the current-controlled voltage source inverter (CCVSI), the varying dq-axis inductances, and the rotor flux, is proposed in this study for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives in the constant torque region. First, a d-axis current injection-based parameter estimation methodology considering the nonlinearity of a CCVSI is proposed. Then, during current injection, a simple linear model is developed to model the cross- and self-saturation of the dq-axis inductances. Since the d-axis unsaturated inductance is difficult to obtain by merely using the recursive least square (RLS) method, a novel tuning method for the d-axis unsaturated inductance is proposed by using the theory of the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) with the combination of the RLS method. Moreover, to improve the bandwidth of the current loop, an intelligent proportional-integral-derivative (PID) neural network controller with improved online learning algorithm is adopted to replace the traditional PI controller. The estimated the dq-axis inductances and the rotor flux are adopted in the decoupled control of the current loops. Finally, the experimental results at various operating conditions of the IPMSM in the constant torque region are given

An Online Parameter Estimation Using Current Injection with Intelligent Current-Loop Control for IPMSM Drives

An online parameter estimation methodology using the d-axis current injection, which can estimate the distorted voltage of the current-controlled voltage source inverter (CCVSI), the varying dq-axis inductances, and the rotor flux, is proposed in this study for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives in the constant torque region. First, a d-axis current injection-based parameter estimation methodology considering the nonlinearity of a CCVSI is proposed. Then, during current injection, a simple linear model is developed to model the cross- and self-saturation of the dq-axis inductances. Since the d-axis unsaturated inductance is difficult to obtain by merely using the recursive least square (RLS) method, a novel tuning method for the d-axis unsaturated inductance is proposed by using the theory of the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) with the combination of the RLS method. Moreover, to improve the bandwidth of the current loop, an intelligent proportional-integral-derivative (PID) neural network controller with improved online learning algorithm is adopted to replace the traditional PI controller. The estimated the dq-axis inductances and the rotor flux are adopted in the decoupled control of the current loops. Finally, the experimental results at various operating conditions of the IPMSM in the constant torque region are given