Efficient XAI Techniques: A Taxonomic Survey

Recently, there has been a growing demand for the deployment of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) algorithms in real-world applications. However, traditional XAI methods typically suffer from a high computational complexity problem, which discourages the deployment of real-time systems to meet the time-demanding requirements of real-world scenarios. Although many approaches have been proposed to improve the efficiency of XAI methods, a comprehensive understanding of the achievements and challenges is still needed. To this end, in this paper we provide a review of efficient XAI. Specifically, we categorize existing techniques of XAI acceleration into efficient non-amortized and efficient amortized methods. The efficient non-amortized methods focus on data-centric or model-centric acceleration upon each individual instance. In contrast, amortized methods focus on learning a unified distribution of model explanations, following the predictive, generative, or reinforcement frameworks, to rapidly derive multiple model explanations. We also analyze the limitations of an efficient XAI pipeline from the perspectives of the training phase, the deployment phase, and the use scenarios. Finally, we summarize the challenges of deploying XAI acceleration methods to real-world scenarios, overcoming the trade-off between faithfulness and efficiency, and the selection of different acceleration methods.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figure

Outbred genome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in butterflies

Butterflies are exceptionally diverse but their potential as an experimental system has been limited by the difficulty of deciphering heterozygous genomes and a lack of genetic manipulation technology. Here we use a hybrid assembly approach to construct high-quality reference genomes for Papilio xuthus (contig and scaffold N50: 492 kb, 3.4 Mb) and Papilio machaon (contig and scaffold N50: 81 kb, 1.15 Mb), highly heterozygous species that differ in host plant affiliations, and adult and larval colour patterns. Integrating comparative genomics and analyses of gene expression yields multiple insights into butterfly evolution, including potential roles of specific genes in recent diversification. To functionally test gene function, we develop an efficient (up to 92.5%) CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method that yields obvious phenotypes with three genes, Abdominal-B, ebony and frizzled. Our results provide valuable genomic and technological resources for butterflies and unlock their potential as a genetic model system

Mudskipper genomes provide insights into the terrestrial adaptation of amphibious fishes

Mudskippers are amphibious fishes that have developed morphological and physiological adaptations to match their unique lifestyles. Here we perform whole-genome sequencing of four representative mudskippers to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations. We discover an expansion of innate immune system genes in the mudskippers that may provide defence against terrestrial pathogens. Several genes of the ammonia excretion pathway in the gills have experienced positive selection, suggesting their important roles in mudskippers’ tolerance to environmental ammonia. Some vision-related genes are differentially lost or mutated, illustrating genomic changes associated with aerial vision. Transcriptomic analyses of mudskippers exposed to air highlight regulatory pathways that are up- or down-regulated in response to hypoxia. The present study provides a valuable resource for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying water-to-land transition of vertebrates

The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas belongs to one of the most species-rich but genomically poorly explored phyla, the Mollusca. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of the oyster genome using short reads and a fosmid-pooling strategy, along with transcriptomes of development and stress response and the proteome of the shell. The oyster genome is highly polymorphic and rich in repetitive sequences, with some transposable elements still actively shaping variation. Transcriptome studies reveal an extensive set of genes responding to environmental stress. The expansion of genes coding for heat shock protein 70 and inhibitors of apoptosis is probably central to the oyster's adaptation to sessile life in the highly stressful intertidal zone. Our analyses also show that shell formation in molluscs is more complex than currently understood and involves extensive participation of cells and their exosomes. The oyster genome sequence fills a void in our understanding of the Lophotrochozoa. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

Mechanism Underlying Astrocytic Uptake of Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101)

Health Under the Microscope (The Ohio State University Denman Undergraduate Research Forum)Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) is a commonly used chemical marker for astrocytes and is particularly useful in functional in vivo and in situ studies. However, the mechanism underlying the astrocytic uptake of SR101 remains elusive. Serendipitously, we found that SR101 uptake can be fully inhibited by meclofenamic acid (MFA). The MFA-mediated SR101 uptake inhibition is characterized by a non-competitive binding of MFA to the SR101 uptake pathway, a rapid inhibitory time course (T50,0.499 min), and high efficacy (EC50, 6.3631 μM). Therefore, MFA emerges as a useful inhibitor to further explore the mechanism of SR101 uptake in astrocytes.The laboratory of M.Z. is supported by a grant from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (RO1NS116059).A five-year embargo was granted for this item.Academic Major: Biolog

Investigation of the Deformation Failure Occurring When Extracting Minerals via Underground Mining: A Case Study

Metal mines mined using the sublevel caving method often exhibit various environmental problems on the ground surface. This can affect the safety of the production process in the mining area. A numerical model using Universal Distinct Element Code has been established to investigate deformation failure giving rise to this underground mining. The calculations are combined with in-situ monitoring data collected over a period of 10 years. The results indicate that the strata movement in the footwall can be divided into two stages: an arch caving development stage and post arch caving development stage. Mining disturbance is the main cause of caving in the arch caving development stage. The overlying strata experience ‘caving–stability–caving’, leading to the formation of an ‘arch-shaped’ caving pattern. In the post arch caving development stage, flexural-toppling deformation occurs in the strata in the direction of the collapse pit due to the tectonic stress present and high dip angles of the discontinuities. Through-going failure surface has been analyzed by studying the plastic state and displacement of elements. The formation of through-going failure surface is related to the flexural-toppling deformation and stress concentration caused by mining activities. Based on the different failure mechanisms, an efficient partition has been proposed such that the footwall can be divided into a stable zone, flexural-toppling failure zone, compression and slipping-toppling failure zone, and shear-slipping failure zone. The results are a useful reference when applied to the Chengchao Iron Mine and other similar metal mines

Investigation of the Deformation Failure Occurring When Extracting Minerals via Underground Mining: A Case Study

Metal mines mined using the sublevel caving method often exhibit various environmental problems on the ground surface. This can affect the safety of the production process in the mining area. A numerical model using Universal Distinct Element Code has been established to investigate deformation failure giving rise to this underground mining. The calculations are combined with in-situ monitoring data collected over a period of 10 years. The results indicate that the strata movement in the footwall can be divided into two stages: an arch caving development stage and post arch caving development stage. Mining disturbance is the main cause of caving in the arch caving development stage. The overlying strata experience ‘caving–stability–caving’, leading to the formation of an ‘arch-shaped’ caving pattern. In the post arch caving development stage, flexural-toppling deformation occurs in the strata in the direction of the collapse pit due to the tectonic stress present and high dip angles of the discontinuities. Through-going failure surface has been analyzed by studying the plastic state and displacement of elements. The formation of through-going failure surface is related to the flexural-toppling deformation and stress concentration caused by mining activities. Based on the different failure mechanisms, an efficient partition has been proposed such that the footwall can be divided into a stable zone, flexural-toppling failure zone, compression and slipping-toppling failure zone, and shear-slipping failure zone. The results are a useful reference when applied to the Chengchao Iron Mine and other similar metal mines

Exploring the Technological Collaboration Characteristics of the Global Integrated Circuit Manufacturing Industry

With the intensification of international competition, there are many international technological collaborations in the integrated circuit manufacturing (ICM) industry. The importance of improving the level of international technological collaboration is becoming more and more prominent. Therefore, it is vital for a country, a region, or an institution to understand the international technological collaboration characteristics of the ICM industry and, thus, to know how to enhance its own international technological collaboration. This paper depicts the international technological collaboration characteristics of the ICM industry based on patent analysis. Four aspects, which include collaboration patterns, collaboration networks, collaboration institutions, and collaboration impacts, are analyzed by utilizing patent association analysis and social network analysis. The findings include the following: first, in regard to international technological collaboration, the USA has the highest level, while Germany has great potential for future development; second, Asia and Europe have already formed clusters, respectively, in the cooperative network; last, but not least, research institutions, colleges, and universities should also actively participate in international collaboration. In general, this study provides an objective reference for policy making, competitiveness, and sustainability in the ICM industry. The framework presented in this paper could be applied to examine other industrial international technological collaborations