La Cultura Sanxingdui en China y la Cultura Maya en América: una comparación entre dos “culturas abiertas”

The general objective of this project is to expose that the extraordinary cultural achievement of both the Sanxingdui culture in China as the maya culture in Mesoamerica was based on the fusion of their own development with the absorption the essence of more developed cultures.This work, corresponding to the second part of the project, focuses on showing the exchange that made the Shu people, creator of the Sanxingdui culture, with other cultures. The research has been developed along two lines. First, it has been studied the study of the history of Shu’s people.The result shows that the Shu belonged to an ancient ethnic family called “Qiang”. Some Shu people had moved to the North and arrived at the Eurasian grassland where groups of differen traces including Caucasians coexisted. As the living area had been affected by the desertification, some Shu people returned to their homeland, but living in the Eurasian grassland had left marks on their biological characteristic. So, during the ancestor worship, the Shu people captured the original appearance of their forefathers. Second, we have made an analysis of materials which expose the relationships between Shu people and other cultures. We have found that Shu people used the Southern Silk Road to conduct their commercial and cultural exchanges with the people of SouthChina, India, and probably with West Asia. These historical events could explain the peculiarity of their bronze art, the only one in China, but maintains some similarity to the art of India and WestAsia.The analysis of the migrations of Shu people in the past and the Southern Silk Road allows usto justify our initial working hypothesis that through their exchange with neighbouring and distantregions, the Shu people have developed a brilliant culture with remarkable features. The first two parts of the project have been completed, whereas the third part is actually in progress.El objetivo general de este proyecto consiste en exponer que el extraordinario logro cultural tanto de la cultura Sanxingdui en China como la cultura maya en Mesoamérica, estuvo basado en la fusión entre su propio desarrollo y la absorción de la esencia de otras culturas más desarrolladas. El presente trabajo, que corresponder a la segunda parte del proyecto, se enfoca en mostrar el intercambio que realizó el pueblo Shu, creador de la cultura Sanxingdui, con otras culturas. Se ha desarrollado la investigación siguiendo dos líneas. En primer lugar, se realizó el estudio sobre la historia del pueblo Shu. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el pueblo Shu perteneció a una antigua familia étnica llamada “Qiang”. Los Shu se habían trasladado al norte. Algunos de ellos llegaron hasta la pradera euroasiática donde convivían grupos étnicos de diversas razas, incluso la caucásica. A medida que se desertificó la zona en la que vivían los Shu, algunos grupos volvieron a su tierra natal, pero la convivencia en la pradera euroasiática había dejado huellas en sus características biológicas. Así, en el culto a los antepasados, el pueblo Shu plasmó la fisonomía original de sus ancestros. En segundo lugar, se realizó un análisis acerca de los materiales que exponen las relaciones entre el pueblo Shu y otras culturas. Hemos constatado que los Shu utilizaban la Ruta dela Seda Meridional para llevar a cabo sus intercambios comerciales y culturales con los pueblos de China del sur e India, y probablemente con Asia occidental. Estos hechos históricos podrían explicar la peculiaridad de su arte de bronce, único en China, pero que aun mantiene cierta similitud con el arte de la India y Asia occidental. Los resultados alcanzados en esta etapa de la investigación nos permiten justificar nuestra hipótesis de trabajo inicial: que a través de su intercambio con los pueblos vecinos y lejanos, el pueblo Shu logró desarrollar una brillante cultura con notable singularidad. Se han finalizado, por lo tanto, las primeras dos partes del trabajo, mientras que la tercera se encuentra en pleno desarrollo

La cultura sanxingdui en China y la cultura maya en América: una comparación entre dos culturas abiertas

The main objective of this investigation has been to explore comparatively the development of the Sanxingdui culture in China and the Mayan culture in Mesoamerica, to demonstrate that, although they were developed in different spatial and temporal environments, both possess the same conciliatory characteristic due to their constant relationship with other cultures. Their cultural excellence was based on the fusion between their own development and the absorption of the essence of other cultures. During the last stage of the project, we focused on showing the cultural ties between the Sanxingdui culture and the cultures of Xia and Shang of central China, as well as the relationships between Mayan culture and Olmec culture, which had previously flourished. Our research indicates that the resemblance of the Sanxingdui culture to the cultures of central China is significantly reflected in the relics of their pottery for everyday life, and the bronze sculptures and jade chisels for the ritual ceremony. The same cultural thread links these cultures. In the case of Mayan culture, there were several links between this culture and the Olmec culture, such as the construction of the ceremonial centre and the pyramids, the production of ceramics, the way of writing, the symbolism and the art of the stone sculpture. We clearly perceive a hereditary relationship between both cultures. After analysing the related materials, we have been able to draw the conclusion that the Sanxingdui culture in China and the Mayan culture in Mesoamerica have received influences from different or more advanced cultures. We have achieved our goal by demonstrating that both cultures have made commercial and cultural exchanges with neighbouring and distant regions through land and river routes, showing, as well, that their own development and the fusion with other cultures allowed them to create their own brilliant and exquisite culture.El objetivo principal de este proyecto de investigación ha sido indagar de manera comparativa los desarrollos de las culturas sanxingdui en China y maya en Mesoamérica. Buscamos demostrar que, aunque se desarrollaron en distintos ámbitos espaciales y temporales, ambas poseen una misma característica conciliadora: su constante vínculo con otras culturas. Sus excelencias culturales estuvieron basadas en la fusión entre su propio desarrollo y la absorción de la esencia de otras culturas. En el transcurso de la última etapa del proyecto, nos enfocamos en mostrar evidencia de los lazos culturales existentes entre la cultura de Sanxingdui y las culturas de Xia y Shang de China central, como así también de las relaciones entre la cultura maya y la cultura olmeca, la cual había prosperado anteriormente. Nuestra investigación ha permitido determinar que la semejanza de la cultura sanxingdui con las culturas de China central se refleja notablemente en las reliquias de su cerámica para la vida cotidiana y en las esculturas de bronce y cinceladuras de jade para las ceremonias rituales. Se trata de un mismo hilo cultural que las enlaza. En el caso de la cultura maya, evidenciamos que existían diferentes vínculos con la olmeca tales como la construcción del centro ceremonial y las pirámides, la producción de cerámica, la forma de escribir, el simbolismo y el arte de la escultura. Percibimos claramente una relación hereditaria entre ambas. Luego de analizar los materiales relacionados, hemos podido llegar a la conclusión de que la cultura sanxingdui en China y la cultura maya en Mesoamérica han recibido influencias de otras culturas diferentes y/o más avanzadas. Hemos logrado el objetivo propuesto, al determinar a su vez que ambas culturas han realizado intercambios comerciales y culturales con regiones vecinas y distantes a través de vías terrestres y fluviales. Se pone de manifiesto, así, el hecho de que el desarrollo propio y la fusión con otros les permitieron crear su particular cultura, brillante y exquisita

La cultura de Sanxingdui en China y la cultura Maya en América: una comparación entre dos “culturas abiertas”

En muchos lugares del mundo, el desarrollo cultural no es igual. Esta desigualdad constituye un factor dinámico en la convergencia y el desarrollo hacia la integración cultural. En este sentido, no existe una cultura absolutamente aislada. Basándose en su propio origen, una cultura se forma y prospera absorbiendo la esencia de otras más desarrolladas. Una cultura avanza mediante el contacto, conflicto, intercambio y la fusión con otras. En la cultura Sanxingdui y en la maya es evidente esta característica conciliadora.El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en exponer la formación de esta característica conciliadora y comparar ambas culturas. Además, tiene por objeto específico introducir al ámbito académico argentino el estudio sobre la cultura Sanxingdui.La investigación se divide en tres partes. La primera parte se concentra en investigar el papel que desempeña la cultura Sanxingdui en la búsqueda del origen de la civilización china. La segunda parte se enfoca en investigar el intercambio de dicha cultura con regiones lejanas. La tercera comparará la cultura Sanxingdui con la cultura maya con respecto a su comunicación con el exterior.Como se trata de una investigación totalmente nueva en la Argentina, en la primera parte del trabajo se presenta la cultura Sanxingdui bajo el contexto de la definición del origen de la civilización china. Siendo la cultura más representativa de la cuenca superior del Río Changjiang (conocido también como el Río Yangtze), Sanxingdui, junto con otros hallazgos arqueológicos encontrados en la cuenca media e inferior del dicho río, avala el nuevo punto de vista de que además del Río Amarillo en el norte de China, el Río Changjiang del sur también fue cuna de la civilización china.Se ha finalizado la primera parte del trabajo, mientras que la segunda y tercera parte están en pleno desarrollo.In many parts of the world, the cultural development is not the same, which is a dynamic factor in the development towards convergence and integration of cultures. There is not an absolutely isolatedculture. Based on its origin, a culture is formed and thrives absorbing the essence of other moredeveloped. A culture progresses through contact, conflict, exchange and fusion with others. In theSanxingdui culture and Maya culture is evident this conciliatory feature.The objective of this work is to expose the formation of this conciliatory feature in both culturesand compare them. It also aims to introduce to the Argentine academic ambit the study of Sanxingdui.The research work is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on investigating the role of theSanxingdui culture in the search for the origin of Chinese civilization. The second part focuses on researchingthe exchange of Sanxingdui culture with distant regions. The third part will try to comparethe Sanxingdui culture and Maya culture under the aspect of their external communications.As it is a totally new research in Argentina, in the first part of the work, Sanxingdui cultureis presented in the context of the search for the origin of Chinese civilization. Being the mostrepresentative culture of the upper drainage area of Yangtze River, Sanxingdui, along with otherarchaeological finds from the middle and lower basin of Yangtze River, supports the new point ofview which considers that besides the Yellow River in the northern China, the Yangtze River in thesouth was also a cradle of Chinese civilization.The first part of the work has already been completed, while the second and third parts are stilldeveloping

Deep Semantic Graph Matching for Large-scale Outdoor Point Clouds Registration

Current point cloud registration methods are mainly based on local geometric information and usually ignore the semantic information contained in the scenes. In this paper, we treat the point cloud registration problem as a semantic instance matching and registration task, and propose a deep semantic graph matching method (DeepSGM) for large-scale outdoor point cloud registration. Firstly, the semantic categorical labels of 3D points are obtained using a semantic segmentation network. The adjacent points with the same category labels are then clustered together using the Euclidean clustering algorithm to obtain the semantic instances, which are represented by three kinds of attributes including spatial location information, semantic categorical information, and global geometric shape information. Secondly, the semantic adjacency graph is constructed based on the spatial adjacency relations of semantic instances. To fully explore the topological structures between semantic instances in the same scene and across different scenes, the spatial distribution features and the semantic categorical features are learned with graph convolutional networks, and the global geometric shape features are learned with a PointNet-like network. These three kinds of features are further enhanced with the self-attention and cross-attention mechanisms. Thirdly, the semantic instance matching is formulated as an optimal transport problem, and solved through an optimal matching layer. Finally, the geometric transformation matrix between two point clouds is first estimated by the SVD algorithm and then refined by the ICP algorithm. Experimental results conducted on the KITTI Odometry dataset demonstrate that the proposed method improves the registration performance and outperforms various state-of-the-art methods.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure

Learning Point-wise Abstaining Penalty for Point Cloud Anomaly Detection

LiDAR-based semantic scene understanding is an important module in the modern autonomous driving perception stack. However, identifying Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) points in a LiDAR point cloud is challenging as point clouds lack semantically rich features when compared with RGB images. We revisit this problem from the perspective of selective classification, which introduces a selective function into the standard closed-set classification setup. Our solution is built upon the basic idea of abstaining from choosing any known categories but learns a point-wise abstaining penalty with a marginbased loss. Synthesizing outliers to approximate unlimited OOD samples is also critical to this idea, so we propose a strong synthesis pipeline that generates outliers originated from various factors: unrealistic object categories, sampling patterns and sizes. We demonstrate that learning different abstaining penalties, apart from point-wise penalty, for different types of (synthesized) outliers can further improve the performance. We benchmark our method on SemanticKITTI and nuScenes and achieve state-of-the-art results. Risk-coverage analysis further reveals intrinsic properties of different methods. Codes and models will be publicly available.Comment: codes is available at https://github.com/Daniellli/PAD.gi

Cre-loxP-mediated genetic lineage tracing: Unraveling cell fate and origin in the developing heart

The Cre-loxP-mediated genetic lineage tracing system is essential for constructing the fate mapping of single-cell progeny or cell populations. Understanding the structural hierarchy of cardiac progenitor cells facilitates unraveling cell fate and origin issues in cardiac development. Several prospective Cre-loxP-based lineage-tracing systems have been used to analyze precisely the fate determination and developmental characteristics of endocardial cells (ECs), epicardial cells, and cardiomyocytes. Therefore, emerging lineage-tracing techniques advance the study of cardiovascular-related cellular plasticity. In this review, we illustrate the principles and methods of the emerging Cre-loxP-based genetic lineage tracing technology for trajectory monitoring of distinct cell lineages in the heart. The comprehensive demonstration of the differentiation process of single-cell progeny using genetic lineage tracing technology has made outstanding contributions to cardiac development and homeostasis, providing new therapeutic strategies for tissue regeneration in congenital and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)

A critical survey of technologies of large offshore wind farm integration : summary, advances, and perspectives

Offshore wind farms (OWFs) have received widespread attention for their abundant unexploited wind energy potential and convenient locations conditions. They are rapidly developing towards having large capacity and being located further away from shore. It is thus necessary to explore effective power transmission technologies to connect large OWFs to onshore grids. At present, three types of power transmission technologies have been proposed for large OWF integration. They are: high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission, high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, and low-frequency alternating current (LFAC) or fractional frequency alternating current transmission. This work undertakes a comprehensive review of grid connection technologies for large OWF integration. Compared with previous reviews, a more exhaustive summary is provided to elaborate HVAC, LFAC, and five HVDC topologies, consisting of line-commutated converter HVDC, voltage source converter HVDC, hybrid-HVDC, diode rectifier-based HVDC, and all DC transmission systems. The fault ride-through technologies of the grid connection schemes are also presented in detail to provide research references and guidelines for researchers. In addition, a comprehensive evaluation of the seven grid connection technologies for large OWFs is proposed based on eight specific indicators. Finally, eight conclusions and six perspectives are outlined for future research in integrating large OWFs

Pruning random resistive memory for optimizing analogue AI

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has been marked by the large language models exhibiting human-like intelligence. However, these models also present unprecedented challenges to energy consumption and environmental sustainability. One promising solution is to revisit analogue computing, a technique that predates digital computing and exploits emerging analogue electronic devices, such as resistive memory, which features in-memory computing, high scalability, and nonvolatility. However, analogue computing still faces the same challenges as before: programming nonidealities and expensive programming due to the underlying devices physics. Here, we report a universal solution, software-hardware co-design using structural plasticity-inspired edge pruning to optimize the topology of a randomly weighted analogue resistive memory neural network. Software-wise, the topology of a randomly weighted neural network is optimized by pruning connections rather than precisely tuning resistive memory weights. Hardware-wise, we reveal the physical origin of the programming stochasticity using transmission electron microscopy, which is leveraged for large-scale and low-cost implementation of an overparameterized random neural network containing high-performance sub-networks. We implemented the co-design on a 40nm 256K resistive memory macro, observing 17.3% and 19.9% accuracy improvements in image and audio classification on FashionMNIST and Spoken digits datasets, as well as 9.8% (2%) improvement in PR (ROC) in image segmentation on DRIVE datasets, respectively. This is accompanied by 82.1%, 51.2%, and 99.8% improvement in energy efficiency thanks to analogue in-memory computing. By embracing the intrinsic stochasticity and in-memory computing, this work may solve the biggest obstacle of analogue computing systems and thus unleash their immense potential for next-generation AI hardware