Построение гармоничного общества в КНР и кодификация китайского гражданского законодательства

The article is concerned with the problem of drafting civil code in china. The author also analyzes the special features of drafting civil code in the context of forma tion of harmonious society in China.Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме разработки проекта Гражданского кодекса; рассматриваются особенности данного проектирования кодекса в условиях реализации задачи по построению гармоничного общества в современной КНР

Intraflagellar transporter protein (IFT27), an IFT25 binding partner, is essential for male fertility and spermiogenesis in mice

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism essential for the assembly and maintenance of most eukaryotic cilia and flagella. In mice, mutations in IFT proteins have been shown to cause several ciliopathies including retinal degeneration, polycystic kidney disease, and hearing loss. However, little is known about its role in the formation of the sperm tail, which has the longest flagella of mammalian cells. IFT27 is a component of IFT-B complex and binds to IFT25 directly. In mice, IFT27 is highly expressed in the testis. To investigate the role of IFT27 in male germ cells, the floxed Ift27 mice were bred with Stra8-iCre mice so that the Ift27 gene was disrupted in spermatocytes/spermatids. The Ift27: Stra8-iCre mutant mice did not show any gross abnormalities, and all of the mutant mice survived to adulthood. There was no difference between testis weight/body weight between controls and mutant mice. All adult homozygous mutant males examined were completely infertile. Histological examination of the testes revealed abnormally developed germ cells during the spermiogenesis phase. The epididymides contained round bodies of cytoplasm. Sperm number was significantly reduced compared to the controls and only about 2% of them remained significantly reduced motility. Examination of epididymal sperm by light microscopy and SEM revealed multiple morphological abnormalities including round heads, short and bent tails, abnormal thickness of sperm tails in some areas, and swollen tail tips in some sperm. TEM examination of epididymal sperm showed that most sperm lost the 9+2\u27\u27 axoneme structure, and the mitochondria sheath, fibrous sheath, and outer dense fibers were also disorganized. Some sperm flagella also lost cell membrane. Levels of IFT25 and IFT81 were significantly reduced in the testis of the conditional Ift27 knockout mice, and levels of IFT20, IFT74, and IFT140 were not changed. Sperm lipid rafts, which were disrupted in the conditional Ift25 knockout mice, appeared to be normal in the conditional Ift27 knockout mice. Our findings suggest that like IFT25, IFT27, even though not required for ciliogenesis in somatic cells, is essential for sperm flagella formation, sperm function, and male fertility in mice. IFT25 and IFT27 control sperm formation/function through many common mechanisms, but IFT25 has additional roles beyond IFT27

Codification of civil code in harmonious society of China

The article is concerned with the problem of drafting civil code in china. The author also analyzes the special features of drafting civil code in the context of forma tion of harmonious society in China

In- and ex-situ study of the deformation behavior of the βo(ωo)β_{o}(ω_{o}) phase in a Ti4_4Al3_3Nb alloy during high-temperature compression

In-situ synchrotron-based high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and ex-situ Gleeble tests were conducted to investigate the deformation behavior of the $β_{o}(ω_{o})$ phase in a Ti$_4$Al$_3$Nb alloy. In samples compressed at 600 and 800 °C, the brittle $ω_o$ phase deforms mostly elastically, resulting in the failure of the Ti$_4$Al$_3$Nb alloy by premature fracture. In a sample deformed at 900 °C, the $ω_o$ phase mostly transforms into the $β_o$ phase under uniaxial loading. Moreover, the ductility of a Ti$_4$Al$_3$Nb alloy is largely enhanced at this temperature. In a sample deformed at 1000 °C, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of the $β_o$ phase extensively takes place. Direction 1 (D1) and Direction 2 (D2) deviating from the loading direction with an angle of 65° ± 5° and 15° ± 5° are selected to analyze the lattice strain evolution of (110)$_{β_{o}}$ lattice planes. At the late stage of macro strain hardening, deformed $_{β_{o}}$//D1 oriented grains bear a higher load due to the occurrence of DRX in βo//D2 oriented grains. Subsequently, DRX continues in $_{β_{o}}$//D1 oriented $β_o$ grains. The coordinated deformation of $β_o$ grains ensures the good deformability of a Ti$_4$Al$_3$Nb alloy at 1000 °C

Anisotropy in microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured Ni-based GH4099 alloy

Additively manufactured Ni-based superalloys exhibit strong anisotropy due to microstructural differences resulting from their unique fabrication method. This study systematically investagiated the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni-based GH4099 alloy fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) with subsequent heat treatment (HT). The causes of anisotropy in the deformation mechanism of alloys at room temperature and high temperatures are discussed. The results indicate that epitaxial grain growth occurs along the building direction, and after SLM, entangled dislocations gather at the cell boundaries. After HT, high-density dislocations are eliminated, while most grains remain in the as-deposited form. At room temperature, the deformation mechanism of the alloy remains consistent. Cracks generate and propagate inside grains, while grain boundaries provide a more substantial barrier for dislocations. Therefore, the difference in mechanical anisotropy depends on the difference in grain morphology in the build direction and perpendicular to the build direction. At high temperatures, fracture failure occurs at grain boundaries. The growth of carbides at high temperatures leads to the weakening of grain boundaries. The alloy exhibits different deformation mechanisms when loaded along the short and long axes of the grain. Only dislocations are activated when loaded along the short axis of the grain. Stacking faults and deformation twins provide higher plastic-deformation ability when loaded along the long axis of the grains. Moreover, dislocations also activate, however the dislocation density is lower compared to loaded along the short axis

GCB Bioenergy

Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a cross-linked-net of matrix polysaccharides and co-polymerized with lignin. The study presented the genotypic variations of cell wall composition, biohydrogen production, and lignocellulose degradation ratio in a collection of 102 Miscanthus sinensis (M. Sinensis, hereafter) accessions collected from a wide geographical range in China. Significant variations were observed for the determined traits, cellulose content, hemicellulose content, cellulose and hemicellulose degradation efficiency, and biohydrogen yield. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents ranged from 30.20-44.25, 28.97-42.65, and 6.96-20.75%, respectively. The degradation ratio of cellulose and hemicellulose varied from 2.08% to 37.87% and from 14.71% to 52.50%, respectively. The feedstock was fermented to produce biohydrogen, and the production varied from 14.59 to 40.66ml per gram of Miscanthus biomass. The expression profile of three cellulose synthase (MsCesA) genes was initially established to indicate the genotypic difference among the M. sinensis accessions. Pearson's correlations were conducted to reveal the perplexing relationship between the tested traits, biohydrogen yield, cell wall composition and their degradation efficiency. In addition, the relationship pattern, between the test traits and the geographic factors corresponding with the original place, was investigated. The result showed that the significant variation among the M. sinensis genotypes is the result of natural selection in different environments of their original habitats. Improvement in cell wall composition and structure and enhancement of lignocellulose degradation ratio could significantly increase sustainable bioenergy production.Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose microfibrils embedded in a cross-linked-net of matrix polysaccharides and co-polymerized with lignin. The study presented the genotypic variations of cell wall composition, biohydrogen production, and lignocellulose degradation ratio in a collection of 102 Miscanthus sinensis (M. Sinensis, hereafter) accessions collected from a wide geographical range in China. Significant variations were observed for the determined traits, cellulose content, hemicellulose content, cellulose and hemicellulose degradation efficiency, and biohydrogen yield. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents ranged from 30.20-44.25, 28.97-42.65, and 6.96-20.75%, respectively. The degradation ratio of cellulose and hemicellulose varied from 2.08% to 37.87% and from 14.71% to 52.50%, respectively. The feedstock was fermented to produce biohydrogen, and the production varied from 14.59 to 40.66ml per gram of Miscanthus biomass. The expression profile of three cellulose synthase (MsCesA) genes was initially established to indicate the genotypic difference among the M. sinensis accessions. Pearson's correlations were conducted to reveal the perplexing relationship between the tested traits, biohydrogen yield, cell wall composition and their degradation efficiency. In addition, the relationship pattern, between the test traits and the geographic factors corresponding with the original place, was investigated. The result showed that the significant variation among the M. sinensis genotypes is the result of natural selection in different environments of their original habitats. Improvement in cell wall composition and structure and enhancement of lignocellulose degradation ratio could significantly increase sustainable bioenergy production

Deformation and phase transformation behaviors of a high Nb-containing TiAl alloy compressed at intermediate temperatures

In modern β-solidified TiAl alloys, the decomposition of α$_2$ phase is frequently observed during heat treatment or high-temperature deformation of the alloys. In this study, high-temperature deformation and decomposition mechanisms of α$_2$ phase in a Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2B-0.2W-0.02Y alloy are investigated. In a sample deformed at 800 °C, the precipitation of β$_o$(ω$_o$) phase is observed within the equiaxed α$_2$ phase. The nucleation of ω$_o$ particles within the β$_o$ matrix indicates the α$_2$ → β$_o$ → ω$_o$ transformation. In addition, numerous γ phase precipitates form within the β$_o$(ω) areas. The α$_2$ lamellae decompose into ultrafine (α$_2$+γ) lamellae and coarsened γ lamellae via α$_2$ → α$_2$ + γ and α$_2$ → γ transformation, respectively. Moreover, the ω$_o$ phase nucleates within the ultrafine lamellae via α$_2$ → ω$_o$ transformation. However, in a sample deformed at 1000 °C, the nucleation of β$_o$ particles is sluggish, which is caused by the efficient release of the internal stress via dynamic recrystallization (DRX). These results indicate that complex phase transformations can be introduced by the decomposition of α$_2$ phase in TiAl alloys with a high amount of β-stabilizing elements

The epidemiology of reverse transmission of COVID-19 in Gansu Province, China

Background: The transmission of COVID-19 is about to come under control within China, however, an emerging challenge to the Chinese authorities is reverse transmission due to COVID-19 patients/carriers evacuating from overseas to China. Methods: We analysed the epidemiological characteristics of 311 Chinese citizens evacuated from Iran. All confirmed COVID-19 cases amongst the returnees were displayed by the spatial distribution pattern of the extent of COVID-19 infection. Results: Characteristics that differed significantly amongst these returnees compared to the original infected cohorts in Gansu were mean age, occupation and sex. Differences observed between infected patients and non-patients amongst returnees were age, sex, race, occupation, the use of facemasks, and residential situation in Iran. The clinical features that were significantly related to infection were chill, shortness of breath, chest pain and nausea. Spatial distribution pattern analysis indicated that infected returnees had resided within Iranian provinces that had experienced high levels of COVID-19. The spatial distribution of the original homes of these returnees before departure for Iran demonstrated that returnees will largely return to northwest China, to regions that have only experienced low levels of infection within China. Conclusion: Blocking the reverse transmission of COVID-19 is critical in preventing a secondary outbreak of COVID-19

Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloys prepared by electron beam selective melting additive manufacturing: Microstructural and tensile properties

Here, an electron beam selective melting (EBM) technique was employed to shape Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy to combat its intrinsic brittleness and insufficient hot workability. Through process optimization, high-density samples (4.2327 g/cm3) were produced. First, the mechanism of interaction between phase transformation and microstructural evolution of EBM-formed Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). And then, the mechanism of interaction between tensile properties and microstructural evolution of EBM-formed Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy was discussed. Based on the results, the microstructure consists of coarse equiaxed grains and fine lamellar grains, which gradually coarsen from upper to bottom. As the thickness of the layer increases from upper to bottom, the content of the B2 phase increases continuously, with a predominant component of TiAl and a small amount of Ti3Al and B2 phases. The majority of the γ-TiAl phase does not exhibit significant texture, while the α2-Ti3Al phase shows a texture of (0001) with 19.32 times the random intensity, and its c-axis is parallel to the deposition direction. Benefiting from its unique structure features, the maximum room temperature tensile strength of as-deposited Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr alloy reaches 854.6 MPa with an elongation of over 2%. And the maximum high-temperature tensile strength of EBM-formed Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr alloy reaches 707 MPa at 650 °C with an elongation over 3.5%. According to these results, the mechanical properties of our EBM Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb alloy are superior to those previously reported