Community-based financing of family planning in developing countries: A systematic review

In this systematic review, we gather evidence on community financing schemes and insurance programs for family planning in developing countries, and we assess the impact of these programs on primary outcomes related to contraceptive use. To identify and evaluate the research findings, we adopt a four‐stage review process that employs a weight‐of‐evidence and risk‐of‐bias analytic approach. Out of 19,138 references that were identified, only four studies were included in our final analysis, and only one study was determined to be of high quality. In the four studies, the evidence on the impact of community‐based financing on family planning and fertility outcomes is inconclusive. These limited and mixed findings suggest that either: 1) more high‐quality evidence on community‐based financing for family planning is needed before any conclusions can be made; or 2) community‐based financing for family planning may, in fact, have little or no effect on family planning outcomes.Funding from the UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a cosponsored program executed by the World Health Organization, is gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank members of the WHO technical working group on financing family planning for their valuable comments. In addition, the authors thank Iqbal Shah for his support throughout the review process and for his technical guidance on this manuscript. (UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP); World Health Organization)Published versio

Limitations to human livelihoods and well-being in the context of climate change

Diese Arbeit entwickelt zunächst einen Ansatz, der die Quantifizierung der Angemessenheit von Lebensbedingungen für Wohlbefinden und Entwicklung (Adequate Human livelihood conditions for wEll-being And Development (AHEAD)) auf globaler Ebene ermöglicht. Der Ansatz erlaubt es, sektorale Klimaauswirkungen direkt in Beziehung zu den Voraussetzungen für adäquate Lebensbedingungen zu setzen. Weiterhin befasst sich die Arbeit im Detail mit den Themen Wasserverfügbarkeit und menschlicher Gesundheit und zeigt auf, wie regionale und lokale Untersuchungen die Aussagekraft von allgemeinen, globalen Studien erweitern können. Die Ergebnisse des zeigen, dass Wasser als Element von AHEAD eine besonders aktive Komponente des Systems ist, so dass durch Klimawandel bedingte Veränderungen starke Auswirkungen auf das Gesamtsystem zur Folge haben können. Die Quantifizierung von AHEAD zeigt außerdem, dass Wasserknappheit die Lebensbedingungen bereits heute in vielen Regionen limitiert und Auswirkungen des Klimawandels diese Limitierungen weiter verstärken. Die detaillierte Analyse zum Thema Wasser ermöglicht die Ableitung von geeigneten Ansatzpunkten zur Verbesserung der Bedingungen. In einem ähnlichen Ansatz werden die vielfältigen sozio-ökonomischen und natürlichen Einflussfaktoren, die die Auswirkungen von Hitzestress auf die menschliche Gesundheit beeinflussen integriert, so dass die Ableitung relevanter Informationen zur Reduktion von Klimaauswirkungen auf das menschliche Wohlbefinden möglich wird. Eine Verbindung der vorgestellten Ansätze erlaubt es, Aussagen über die Art, die Intensität sowie die räumliche Ausprägung von aktuellen und zukünftigen Einschränkungen von Lebensbedingungen zu treffen.This thesis develops an approach to assess Adequate Human livelihood conditions for wEll-being And Development (AHEAD) on a global scale. The approach allows to relate sectoral impacts of climate change to an integrated measure of livelihood limitations, taking into account important determinants of the society as well as the environment. Additionally, detailed sectoral studies on water availability and human health show how local and regional studies of specific livelihood aspects can complement generic, global assessments and provide an overall indication of the nature, severity and spatial distribution of limitations to human livelihoods. The results show, that water as an element of AHEAD is one of the most active system components. Impacts of climate change on water may have strong indirect effects on livelihood adequacy. The potential impacts of changes in water availability on AHEAD are quantified, showing that water scarcity limits livelihood adequacy in many regions of the world. The utilisation of an ensemble of climate change and water models further allows to assess the relevance of model related uncertainty in this regard. As water availability plays a crucial role for the fulfilment of livelihood needs, the global assessment is complemented by a detailed analysis of the adequacy of water availability for relevant sectors. By taking into account sector-specific determinants, the approach allows to depict limitations in detail, also giving indications as to how water adequacy may be improved. Similarly, the analysis of heatwave impacts on human health provides a methodology to assess the multiple environmental and human influences which affect vulnerability and provides specific information on potential adaptation measures to reduce climate impacts. By identifying the most decisive limiting factors, applicable information on how to most effectively improve human livelihoods is generated

Stop the Presses! Seventh Circuit Censors College Student Media

Can officials at public colleges and universities in the Seventh Circuit censor student speech? How free is the college free press? In Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the U.S. Supreme Court permitted high school administrators to censor school-sponsored speech if their actions were supported by legitimate pedagogical concerns. However, the high court specifically stated that it was not deciding whether the same degree of deference is appropriate with respect to speech in higher education. Thus, this article argues that the Seventh Circuit\u27s application of the Hazelwood standard to assess a student newspaper censorship claim at a Illinois public university is an unwarranted extension of the Supreme Court\u27s high school-specific holding and has sweeping implications on First Amendment jurisprudence

Development of a team approach for the teaching of reading at seventh grade

The purpose of this paper was to document the inception of a seventh grade reading program as it moved away from teaching to the median and worked instead toward individualization based on need. Points for consideration: 1) Bases on which student weaknesses were identified. 2) The team teaching approach used to meet these needs. 3) The scope and sequence of the program. 4) Materials used. 5) Evaluation as an ongoing part of the program. 6) Semester evaluation as two types of gains based on the evening of the reading profile as determined by Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test Level II. The eighty-two students involved in this program are all middle class children enrolled in the seventh grade at Whitnall Middle School in Greenfield, Wisconsin

Relationship of water motion to the shallow water distribution and morphology of two species of sea urchins

A 13-month field and laboratory study was conducted at Santa Catalina Island, California, USA to determine some of the effects of water motion on the shallow water distribution of the sea urchin Centrostephanus coronatus Verrill. The depth distribution of another sea urchin species, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (A. Agassiz), includes shallow areas of strong water motion (\u3c2 m depth) from which C. coronatus is absent. Differences in attachment strength and morphology of the two species were investigated as possible mechanisms affecting the differences in depth distribution. Density of C. coronatus along subtidal transects generally increased with increased depth, ranging from 0 individuals at depths less than 2 m to 1.7/m2 at 16 m depth; the majority of the population occurred deeper than 4.2 m. Measurements of relative water motion, using clod cards, made near the shallowest depths of occurrence of C. coronatus indicate that these depths are characterized by high levels or sharp increases in water motion. Laboratory wave channel experiments conducted at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, indicate that C. coronatus are dislodged at lower wave amplitudes when exposed to sharp increases in amplitude, than when exposed to more gradual increases. These results suggest that areas of strong water motion such as noted along the field transects may directly or indirectly limit the distribution of C. coronatus. Evidence suggesting that the effects of water motion on C. coronatus are relatively direct was obtained from field experiments in which C. coronatus were transplanted to deep (13 m) and shallow (3 m) quadrats, and changes in the number of individuals were determined following exposure to calm (≥ Sea State 2; n = 2) as compared to rough (\u3e Sea State 2; n = 6) conditions. The majority (7 to 9 out of 10) of the animals remained in the deep quadrats following calm and rough conditions, with 5 or 6 remaining in shallow quadrats following calm conditions. In contrast, 0 to 2 individuals remained in shallow quadrats following exposure to rough conditions. Additional results of wave channel experiments indicate that C. coronatus are dislodged at lower wave amplitudes than are S. franciscanus. The ability of C. coronatus to withstand dislodgement during exposure to strong water motion was estimated indirectly by comparing the number of podia used in attachment by C. coronatus and S. franciscanus, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus had significantly more (p \u3c .001) podia/animal than did C. coronatus for the animals tested, ranging from 56 to 100 podia per pore pair row for C. coronatus (n = 15), and from 146 to 214 for S. franciscanus (n = 16). Differences in the number of podia used in attachment were not significant, however results suggest that S. franciscanus uses at least 3 to 4 times more attachment podia (32 to 51 per pore pair row; n = 9) than does C. coronatus (2 to 8 per pore pair row; n = 10). Although other factors such as differential predation may contribute to the observed field distributions, results of the present study strongly suggest that C. coronatus is not well adapted to conditions of strong water motion, and that limitations in attachment strength, relative to S. franciscanus, probably limit the shallow water distribution of this species

Oxidsulfidchloride der Lanthanide vom Typ M4OS4Cl2 (M = La–Nd)

Oxysulfide chlorides, M4OS4Cl2, of the lanthanides (M = La - Nd) are obtained upon the oxidation of the metals with sulfur in the presence of MOCl (or M2O3) and MCl3 in appropriate molar ratios. Additional NaCl or an excess of MCl3 serving as a flux provide even single crystalline material after reactions at 850 °C for seven days in sealed tantalum capsules. The crystal structure of M4OS4Cl2 (hexagonal, P63mc, no. 186, Z = 2; M = La: a = 933.19(3), c = 701.22(4) pm, c/a = 0.7514, R = RH = 0.020; M = Ce: a = 925.49(3), c = 694.13(3) pm, c/a = 0.7500; M = Pr: a = 919.72(4), c = 688.53(4) pm, c/a = 0.7486; M = Nd: a = 914.25(4), c = 683.12(4) pm, c/a = 0.7472, R = 0.022, Rw = 0.019) contains isolated O2--centered (M3+)4 tetrahedra which are surrounded by twelve S2- and six Cl-, capping vertices, edges, and faces of each tetrahedron and linking to other [OM4] units. Basically, the structure is identical to that of Ba4OCl6 if Ba2+ is substituted by M3+ and 2/3 of the CL- anions are replaced by S2- to secure charge neutrality in M4OS4Cl2. Different models for the Cl-/S2- replacement are presented on the basis of comparisons of the Madelung part of the lattice energy (MAPLE) with the MAPLE sum of the binaries (M2O3, M2S3, and MCl3)

A-Pr2S3, D-Ho2S3 und E-Yb2S3: Synthese und Einkristallstrukturuntersuchungen

The oxidation of reduced chlorides (MCl2) or chloride-hydrides (MClHx) of the lanthanides with sulfur (700-850°C, 7 d, sealed tantalum capsules or evacuated silica vessels) usually results in the formation of the sesquisulfides M2S3 as the main products. In the presence of appropriate fluxes (e.g., alkali halides), the products often are obtained as single crystals, and the flux decides which modification is favoured. Ternary halides of the trivalent lanthanides with the corresponding alkali metal can mostly be found as the second components. Crystal growth and structural investigations of thus produced single crystals of Pr2S3 (from PrClH0,67 + S + NaCl, 5:5:1, A type: orthorhombic, Pnma (No. 62), Z = 4, α = 74822(5), b = 405.51(3), c = 1560.74(9) pm, R = 0.024. Rw = 0.020). Ho2S3 (from U - Ho2S3 + KI, 1:1, D type: monoclinic, P21/m (No. 12), Z = 6, a = 1746.15(9), b = 400.23(3), c = 1012.43(6) pm, β= 98.529(4)°. R = 0.041, Rw = 0.035). and Yb2S3 (from T-Yb2S3 + KI, 1:1, E type: trigonal, R 3 c (No. 167), Z = 6, a = 674.97(2), c-= 1820.11(9) pm, R = 0.019, Rw = 0.018) are reported here. In accordance with the lanthanide contraction, the trivalent cations (M3+) exhibit sulfur coordination numbers of 7 and 8 in A-Pr2S3, 6 and 7 in D-Ho2S3, and 6 in E-Yb2S3 (corundum-type structure)

Volume 2, Chapter 7-4 Arthropods: Spiders and Peatlands

https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryo-ecol-subchapters/1093/thumbnail.jp