The transcriptome sequencing analysis reveals immune mechanisms of soybean fermented powder on the loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in response to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection

The loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), a small commercial fish that is widely cultivated for its high-quality protein, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acid, is a member of the genus Misgurnus and the family Cyprinidae. In this study, we gave the LPS-injected loach fermented soybean meal and used transcriptome sequencing to investigate the impact of the fermented soybean powder on the loach’s immune system. 3384 up-regulated genes and 12116 down-regulated genes were found among the 15500 differentially expressed genes, according to the results. The differentially expressed genes were shown to be involved in cellular processes, metabolic processes, cellular anatomical entities, and binding, according to the Go functional annotation. Meanwhile, the KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the soybean fermented powder treated groups showed significant differences in DNA replication, Nucleotide excision repair, Fanconi anemia pathway, and Base excision repair pathways, suggesting that these pathways are closely related to the enhancement of the immune function of loach by soybean fermented powder. The particular conclusions not exclusively can provide a new conception for the rational utilization of soybean fermented powder but also can provide theoretical guidance for the subsequent healthy breeding of loach

Finite horizon optimal investment and consumption with transaction costs

10.1137/070703685SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization4821134-1154SJCO

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles/exosome: A promising therapeutic strategy for intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second largest type of stroke with high mortality and morbidity. The vast majority of survivors suffer from serious neurological defects. Despite the well-established etiology and diagnose, there is still some controversy over the ideal treatment strategy. MSC-based therapy has become an attractive and promising strategy for the treatment of ICH through immune regulation and tissue regeneration. However, accumulating studies have revealed that MSC-based therapeutic effects are mainly attributed to the paracrine properties of MSC, especially small extracellular vesicles/exosome (EVs/exo) which are considered to be the key mediators of the protective efficacy from MSCs. Moreover, some papers reported that MSC-EVs/exo have better therapeutic effects than MSCs. Therefore, EVs/exo has become a new choice for the treatment of ICH stroke in recent years. In this review, we mainly concentrate on the current research progress on the use of MSC-EVs/exo in the treatment of ICH and the existing challenges in their transplation from lab to clinical practice

Characterization of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Cerura menciana and Comparison with Other Lepidopteran Insects.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Cerura menciana (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) was sequenced and analyzed in this study. The mitogenome is a circular molecule of 15,369 bp, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and a A+T-rich region. The positive AT skew (0.031) indicated that more As than Ts were present. All PCGs were initiated by ATN codons, except for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, which was initiated by CAG. Two of the 13 PCGs contained the incomplete termination codon T or TA, while the others were terminated with the stop codon TAA. The A+T-rich region was 372 bp in length and consisted of an 'ATAGA' motif followed by an 18 bp poly-T stretch, a microsatellite-like (AT)8 and a poly-A element upstream of the trnM gene. Results examining codon usage indicated that Asn, Ile, Leu2, Lys, Tyr and Phe were the six most frequently occurring amino acids, while Cys was the rarest. Phylogenetic relationships, analyzed based on the nucleotide sequences of the 13 PCGs from other insect mitogenomes, confirmed that C. menciana belongs to the Notodontidae family

Inhibitors of Eicosanoid Biosynthesis Influencing the Transcripts Level of sHSP21.4 Gene Induced by Pathogen Infections, in <i>Antheraea pernyi</i>

<div><p>Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) can regulate protein folding and protect cells from stress. To investigate the role of sHSPs in the silk-producing insect <i>Antheraea pernyi</i> response to microorganisms, a sHsp gene termed as <i>Ap-sHSP21</i>.<i>4</i>, was identified. This gene encoded a 21.4 kDa protein which shares the conserved structure of insect sHsps and belongs to sHSP21.4 family. <i>Ap-sHSP21</i>.<i>4</i> was highly expressed in fat body and up-regulated in midgut and fat body of <i>A</i>. <i>pernyi</i> challenged with <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> and nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), which was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Meanwhile, knock down of <i>Ap-sHSP21</i>.<i>4</i> with dsRNA result in the decrease at the expression levels of several immune response-related genes (defensin, Dopa decarboxylase, Toll1, lysozyme and Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor). Additionally, the impact of eicosanoid biosynthesis on the expression of <i>Ap-sHSP21</i>.<i>4</i> response to NPV was determined using qPCR, inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis significantly suppress <i>Ap-HSP21</i>.<i>4</i> expression upon NPV challenge. All together, <i>Ap-sHSP21</i>.<i>4</i> was involved in the immunity of <i>A</i>. <i>pernyi</i> against microorganism and possibly mediated by eicosanoids pathway. These results will shed light in the understanding of the pathogen-host interaction in <i>A</i>. <i>pernyi</i>.</p></div

Map of the mitogenome of <i>C</i>. <i>menciana</i>.

<p>The tRNA genes are labeled according to the IUPAC-IUB single-letter amino acids: <i>cox1</i>, <i>cox2</i> and <i>cox3</i> refer to the cytochrome c oxidase subunits; <i>cob</i> refers to cytochrome b; <i>nad1-nad6</i> refer to NADH dehydrogenase components; <i>rrnL</i> and <i>rrnS</i> refer to ribosomal RNAs. Gene named above the bar are located on major strand, while the others are located on minor strand.</p

Codon distribution in members of the Lepidoptera.

<p>CDspT = codons per thousand codons.</p

Composition and skewness in different Lepidopteran mitogenomes.

<p>Composition and skewness in different Lepidopteran mitogenomes.</p