Body weight, organ weight, and food intake characteristics.

<p>Body weight, organ weight, and food intake characteristics.</p

MOS supplementation slightly affected hepatic monocytes and macrophage subsets.

<p>Hepatic extra-intestinal immune modulatory properties of MOS were assessed in mice fed a LFD or HFD with or without MOS for 17 weeks. Percentages of Ly6C^hi monocytes [A], macrophages [B], macrophage M1-like and M2-like subsets [C], eosinophils [D] and CD25+ CD8+ expressing T cells [E] within CD45+ cells in the liver. mRNA expression of the inflammatory markers <i>F4/80</i>, <i>CD11c</i>, <i>Ym1</i>, <i>Mcp1</i>, <i>Tnf-a</i>, <i>Il-6</i>, and <i>Il-10</i> was determined [F]. Values are presented as means ± SEM (n = 4–10 mice/group). Differences were evaluated for statistical significance by by two-way ANOVA, followed by a Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test and provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196165#pone.0196165.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>. For information on the immunological cell markers used in flow cytometry analysis, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196165#sec002" target="_blank">Method</a> section and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196165#pone.0196165.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

MOS supplementation did not affect body weight, fat mass, organ weight, and food intake.

<p>Body weight [A], fat mass [B], mWAT weight [C], organ weight of liver, spleen, and thymus weight [D] of mice fed a LFD or HFD with or without MOS for 17 weeks. Values are presented as means ± SEM (n = 10 mice/group). Differences were evaluated for statistical significance by two-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements, both followed by a Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test and provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196165#pone.0196165.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. mWAT, mesenteric white adipose tissue.</p

Innate immune cells, lymphocytes, and relative gene expression characteristics in mWAT.

<p>Innate immune cells, lymphocytes, and relative gene expression characteristics in mWAT.</p

MOS supplementation did not improve whole-body glucose intolerance.

<p>Whole-body glucose homeostasis was assessed in mice fed a LFD or HFD with or without MOS for 17 weeks. Fasting plasma glucose [A] and insulin levels [B] were determined in 6-hour fasted mice in week 0, 4, and 8. An ipGTT was performed in 6-hour fasted mice at week 12. Blood glucose levels were measured at the indicated minutes [C], and the area under the curve (AUC) of the glucose excursion curve was calculated as a measure for glucose tolerance [D]. Values are presented as means ± SEM (n = 10 mice/group). Differences were evaluated for statistical significance by by two-way ANOVA or two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements, both followed by a Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test and provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196165#pone.0196165.t004" target="_blank">Table 4</a>.</p

Glucose, insulin, and ipGTT characteristics.

<p>Glucose, insulin, and ipGTT characteristics.</p

Innate immune cells, lymphocytes, and relative gene expression characteristics in liver.

<p>Innate immune cells, lymphocytes, and relative gene expression characteristics in liver.</p

MOS supplementation reduced the abundance of M2-like monocytes and increased eosinophils in mWAT.

<p>Extra-intestinal immune modulatory properties of MOS were assessed in mWAT of mice fed a LFD or HFD with or without MOS for 17 weeks. Percentages of Ly6C^hi monocytes [A], YM1+ Ly6C^hi monocytes [B] macrophages [C], macrophage M1-like and M2-like subsets [D], and eosinophils [E] within CD45+ cells in SVF of mWAT. mRNA expression of the inflammatory markers <i>F4/80</i>, <i>CD11c</i>, <i>Ym1</i>, <i>Mcp1</i>, <i>Tnf-a</i>, <i>Il-6</i>, and <i>Il-10</i> was determined [F]. Values are presented as means ± SEM (n = 6–7 mice/group). Differences were evaluated for statistical significance by by two-way ANOVA, followed by a Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test and provided in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196165#pone.0196165.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. For information on the immunological cell markers used in flow cytometry analysis, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196165#sec002" target="_blank">Method</a> section and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196165#pone.0196165.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p