A Prospective Study of Alcohol Consumption and Smoking and the Risk of Major Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Men

<div><p>Background and Aims</p><p>Data regarding smoking and alcohol consumption and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) are sparse and conflicting. We assessed the risk of major GIB associated with smoking and alcohol consumption in a large, prospective cohort.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We prospectively studied 48,000 men in the Health Professional follow-up Study (HPFS) who were aged 40–75 years at baseline in 1986. We identified men with major GIB requiring hospitalization and/or blood transfusion via biennial questionnaires and chart review.</p><p>Results</p><p>We documented 305 episodes of major GIB during 26 years of follow-up. Men who consumed >30 g/day of alcohol had a multivariable relative risk (RR) of 1.43 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88–2.35; <i>P</i> for trend 0.006) for major GIB when compared with nondrinkers. Alcohol consumption appeared to be primarily related to upper GIB (multivariable RR for >30 g/day vs. nondrinkers was 1.35; 95% CI, 0.66–2.77; <i>P</i> for trend 0.02). Men who consumed ≥ 5 drinks/week vs. < 1 drink/month of liquor had a multivariable RR of 1.72 (95% CI, 1.26–2.35, <i>P</i> for trend <0.001). Wine and beer were not significantly associated with major GIB. The risk of GIB associated with NSAIDs/aspirin use increased with greater alcohol consumption (multivariable RR 1.37; 95% CI, 0.85–2.19 for 1-14g/day of alcohol, RR 1.75; 95% CI, 1.07–2.88 for ≥ 15g/day compared to nondrinkers). Smoking was not significantly associated with GIB.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Alcohol consumption, but not smoking, was associated with an increased risk of major GIB. Associations were most notable for upper GIB associated with liquor intake. Alcohol appeared to potentiate the risk of NSAID-associated GIB.</p></div

Aspirin dose and risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (2000–08).

†<p>Individuals reported taking 50–99 mg of aspirin.</p>§<p>Individuals reported taking 250–349 mg of aspirin.</p><p>*Includes 49 bleeding cases which were unspecified. Includes non-daily and daily users.</p>‡<p>Multivariate RR model is adjusted for age, NSAID use (yes or no), smoking status (never, past, current), body mass index (<21. 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–29.9, ≥30), exercise (<1.7, 1.7–4.5, 4.6–10.5, 10.6–22.0, ≥22.1 mets/week), alcohol (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–14.9, ≥15 g/day).</p

Study Flow Diagram.

<p>GIB, Gastrointestinal bleeding.</p

Smoking Status and Risk of Major GI Bleeding.

<p>Smoking Status and Risk of Major GI Bleeding.</p