2008 Statistics

2008 Men\u27s Track and Field Statistics, George Fox College

Table_2_The Influence of Fluid Intelligence, Executive Functions and Premorbid Intelligence on Memory in Frontal Patients.xlsx

<p>Objective: It is commonly thought that memory deficits in frontal patients are a result of impairments in executive functions which impact upon storage and retrieval processes. Yet, few studies have specifically examined the relationship between memory performance and executive functions in frontal patients. Furthermore, the contribution of more general cognitive processes such as fluid intelligence and demographic factors such as age, education, and premorbid intelligence has not been considered.</p><p>Method: Our study examined the relationship between recall and recognition memory and performance on measures of fluid intelligence, executive functions and premorbid intelligence in 39 frontal patients and 46 healthy controls.</p><p>Results: Recall memory impairments in frontal patients were strongly correlated with fluid intelligence, executive functions and premorbid intelligence. These factors were all found to be independent predictors of recall performance, with fluid intelligence being the strongest predictor. In contrast, recognition memory impairments were not related to any of these factors. Furthermore, age and education were not significantly correlated with either recall or recognition memory measures.</p><p>Conclusion: Our findings show that recall memory in frontal patients was related to fluid intelligence, executive functions and premorbid intelligence. In contrast, recognition memory was not. These findings suggest that recall and recognition memory deficits following frontal injury arise from separable cognitive factors. Recognition memory tests may be more useful when assessing memory functions in frontal patients.</p

Table_1_The Influence of Fluid Intelligence, Executive Functions and Premorbid Intelligence on Memory in Frontal Patients.DOCX

<p>Objective: It is commonly thought that memory deficits in frontal patients are a result of impairments in executive functions which impact upon storage and retrieval processes. Yet, few studies have specifically examined the relationship between memory performance and executive functions in frontal patients. Furthermore, the contribution of more general cognitive processes such as fluid intelligence and demographic factors such as age, education, and premorbid intelligence has not been considered.</p><p>Method: Our study examined the relationship between recall and recognition memory and performance on measures of fluid intelligence, executive functions and premorbid intelligence in 39 frontal patients and 46 healthy controls.</p><p>Results: Recall memory impairments in frontal patients were strongly correlated with fluid intelligence, executive functions and premorbid intelligence. These factors were all found to be independent predictors of recall performance, with fluid intelligence being the strongest predictor. In contrast, recognition memory impairments were not related to any of these factors. Furthermore, age and education were not significantly correlated with either recall or recognition memory measures.</p><p>Conclusion: Our findings show that recall memory in frontal patients was related to fluid intelligence, executive functions and premorbid intelligence. In contrast, recognition memory was not. These findings suggest that recall and recognition memory deficits following frontal injury arise from separable cognitive factors. Recognition memory tests may be more useful when assessing memory functions in frontal patients.</p

percentage of hits following sham and real cathodal tDCS of the right (white bars) and left (black bars) DLPFC.

<p>Error bars represent 1 SE of mean.</p

percentage of hits following sham and real anodal tDCS of the right (white bars) and left (black bars) DLPFC.

<p>Error bars represent 1 SE of mean.</p

Experiment 2: Semantic distance judgment task.

<p>Mean leftward and rightward errors (±1 SE) as a function of the different experimental conditions. Negative values indicate leftward shifts and positive values rightward shifts in the judgment.</p

Schematic of the experimental design showing sample stimuli and experimental conditions.

<p>(A) Example stimuli of 1) Near within-category condition; 2) Same condition; 3) Near across-category condition in the Semantic distance judgment task; (B) Example stimuli of 1) Near within-category condition 2) Same condition 3) Near across-category condition in the Spatial judgment task.</p

Experiment 5: Mean leftward and rightward errors (±1 SE) in the Semantic distance judgment task in the different experimental conditions.

<p>Negative values (black bars) indicate leftward shifts and positive values (white bars) rightward shifts in the judgment. White bars indicate leftward and rightward errors in baseline. Black bars indicate leftward and rightward errors in left rTMS (left panel) and right rTMS (right panel) sessions. rTMS = repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.</p

Experiment 4: Spatial judgment task.

<p>Mean leftward and rightward errors (±1 SE) as a function of the different experimental conditions. Negative values indicate leftward shifts and positive values rightward shifts in the judgment.</p

Performance of the frontal and healthy control groups on the background measures and the parallel forms of the CET.

<p>NART = National Adult Reading Test; APM = Advanced Progressive Matrices; GNT = Graded Naming Test; GDA = Graded Difficulty Arithmetic.</p