Correlations between age and offer (or minimum accepted offer) for the ultimatum game (UG) and the dictator game (DG).

<p>Correlations between age and offer (or minimum accepted offer) for the ultimatum game (UG) and the dictator game (DG).</p

Participants'minimal accepted offer (in % of 100 yuan) by cohorts.

<p>Participants'minimal accepted offer (in % of 100 yuan) by cohorts.</p

Mean offers (in %) for the ultimatum game (UG) and dictator game (DG) and minimal accepted offer for the ultimatum games.

<p><b>(The error bar is +/−1 standard error of mean.)</b></p

Participants' offers (in % of 100 yuan) in the ultimatum game and the dictator game by cohorts.

<p>Participants' offers (in % of 100 yuan) in the ultimatum game and the dictator game by cohorts.</p

Participants' offers (in percent) in the ultimatum game and the dictator game in the pilot studies.

<p>Participants' offers (in percent) in the ultimatum game and the dictator game in the pilot studies.</p

Distribution of number of stickers donated in DG, by social distance levels (between-subject), for the complete sample.

<p>Distribution of number of stickers donated in DG, by social distance levels (between-subject), for the complete sample.</p

Functional Analyse of GLUT1 and GLUT12 in Glucose Uptake in Goat Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells

<div><p>Glucose transport, mediated by glucose transporters, is necessary for mammary gland development and lactation. GLUT1 and GLUT12 could both be expressed in the pregnant and lactating mammary gland to participate in the glucose uptake process. In this study, the goat GLUT1 and GLUT12 genes were cloned from Saanen dairy goats and transfected into goat mammary gland epithelial cells to assess their biological functions and distributions. The results showed that both goat GLUT1 and GLUT12 had 12 predicted membrane-spanning helices. Goat GLUT1 and GLUT12 each influenced the mRNA expression of the other transporter and increased the glucose consumption and lactose yield in GLUT1- and GLUT12-transfected goat mammary gland epithelial cells, respectively. The overexpression of GLUT1 or GLUT12 also increased the expression of amino acid transporters SLC1A5, SLC3A2 and SLC7A5 and affected genes expressions in GMGE cells. Using immunofluorescence staining, GLUT1 was detected throughout the cytoplasm and localized to the Golgi apparatus around the nuclear membrane, whereas GLUT12 was mainly distributed in the perinuclear region and cytoplasm. This study contributes to the understanding of how GLUT1 and GLUT12 cooperate in the incorporation of nutrient uptake into mammary gland epithelial cells and the promotion of milk synthesis in the goat mammary gland during lactation.</p></div

Sequences of oligonucleotide primers used for RT-qPCR.

<p>Sequences of oligonucleotide primers used for RT-qPCR.</p

Sequences of oligonucleotide primers used for PCR and RT-qPCR.

<p>Sequences of oligonucleotide primers used for PCR and RT-qPCR.</p

Identification and construction of pcDNA3.1-GLUT1 and pcDNA3.1-GLUT12.

<p>(A) Identification of pcDNA3.1-GLUT1 by digestion with <i>Nhe</i> I and <i>Hind</i> III. M1: DL5000 DNA Marker, pCG1: inserted into pcDNA3.1, pCG1 <i>Nhe</i> I + <i>Hind</i> III: digested with <i>Nhe</i> I and <i>Hind</i> III. (B) PCR analysis using primers GLUT1-F/GLUT1-R. M2: Trans2KTM Plus DNA Marker, GLUT1: 1481bp PCR production of goat GLUT1. (C) pcDNA3.1-GLUT1 vector construction diagram. (D) PCR analysis using primers GLUT12-F2/GLUT12-R2. M1: DNA Marker, GLUT12: 1866bp PCR production of goat GLUT12. (E) Identification of pcDNA3.1-GLUT12 by digestion with <i>Xho</i> I. M2: Trans2K plus DNA Marker, pCG12 <i>Xho</i> I: digested with <i>Xho</i> I. (F) pcDNA3.1-GLUT12 vector construction diagram.</p