The number and percentage of bioinformatics publications from China and in all of PubMed in the past decade.

<p>(A) The number of bioinformatics and computational biology publications from China in PubMed, retrieved from NCBI by the Entrez query “China[affiliation] AND (bioinformatics OR computational biology)”. MESH has a heading “Computational Biology” of which “Bioinformatics” is an Entry Term. The numbers provide a rough indication of growth of the field. They tend to be underestimated because some bioinformatics publications cannot be retrieved by keywords “bioinformatics OR computational biology”. However adding more keywords would increase the false positive rate significantly. (B) The number of all publications from China in PubMed, retrieved from NCBI by the Entrez query “China[affiliation]”. (C) The percentage of bioinformatics publications in China among all publications in China, in PubMed. (D) The number of bioinformatics and computational biology publications in all of PubMed, retrieved from NCBI by the Entrez query “bioinformatics OR computational biology”. (E) The number of all publications in PubMed. (F) The percentage of bioinformatics publications among all publications, in PubMed.</p

Examples of Web servers and software packages developed and maintained in China.

<p>Examples of Web servers and software packages developed and maintained in China.</p

Examples of biological databases developed and maintained in China.

<p>Examples of biological databases developed and maintained in China.</p

Mean cell diameter as measured by Coulter counter, and percent growth inhibition (mean ± standard deviation) at 24-hr, 48-hr and 72 hr after addition of 6.4 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂, as compared to the controls, of the 12 phytoplankton species tested.

a<p>The inhibitive effect is not statistically significant.</p

Culture study <i>Aureococcus anophagefferens</i> growth response.

<p>Response of <i>Aureococcus anophagefferens</i> cultures to the H₂O₂ addition at 0 (control, ◊), 0.8 (□), 1.6 (Δ), 3.2 (x) and 6.4 (*) mg L⁻¹. A) <i>In vivo</i> chlorophyll a fluorescence. B) Total chl a. C) Cell density. Vertical error bars represent standard deviations of triplicate cultures.</p

Percent decrease of the marker pigment concentrations (mean ± standard deviation of triplicate microcosms, and the probability) treated with 1.6 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂, as compared to the control without H₂O₂ addition, in microcosms with unfiltered and 5-μm filtered seawater.

a<p>The values in parenthesis are probabilities of the two sample t-tests; <i>p</i><0.05 suggests the percent change is statistically significant. ^b A negative percentage value indicates pigment concentrations were greater in treatment microcosms than the controls. N.A^. indicates pigment quantification might not be accurate as at least one of the triplicates went below detection limit.</p

Response of various phytoplankton species in culture study.

<p>Variation of <i>in vivo fluorescence</i> of 12 marine phytoplankton species upon H₂O₂ addition at 0 (control, solid line) and 1.6 mg L⁻¹ (treatment, dashed line). A) <i>Aureococcus anophagefferens</i> (<i>Aa</i>) and prasinophyte <i>Micromonas pusilla</i> (<i>Mp</i>). B) Diatoms <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i> (<i>Pt</i>), <i>Minutocellus polymorphus</i> (<i>Mpo</i>), <i>Skeletonema costatum</i> (<i>Sc</i>), <i>Thalassiosira pseudonana</i> (<i>Tp</i>) and <i>Thalassiosira weissflogii</i> (<i>Tw</i>). C) Chlorophyte <i>Dunaliella tertiolecta</i> (<i>Dt</i>). D) Prymnesiophytes <i>Isochrysis galbana</i> (<i>Ig</i>) and <i>Emiliania huxleyi</i> (<i>Eh</i>). E) Dinoflagellates <i>Amphidinium carterae</i> (<i>Ac</i>) and <i>Prorocentrum micans</i> (<i>Pm</i>). Vertical error bars are deviations between duplicate cultures.</p

<i>Aureococcus anophagefferens</i> response in microcosm study.

<p>Variation in cell density of <i>Aureococcus anophagefferens</i> (A), <i>in vivo</i> chlorophyll fluorescence (B), and total chlorophyll a (C) in microcosms with 1.6 mg L⁻¹ of H₂O₂ addition (treatment, dashed line) and without H₂O₂ addition (control, solid line). The microcosms were made of unfiltered (square symbols) and 5 μm filtered (triangle symbols) Barnegat Bay seawater amended with laboratory <i>A. anophagefferens</i> cultures. Vertical error bars represent standard deviations of triplicate microcosms.</p

Effects of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn on Brown Tide Alga <i>Aureococcus Anophagefferens</i> Growth and Metal Accumulation

Trace metals play important roles in regulating phytoplankton growth and could influence algal bloom development. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of environmentally relevant concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn on <i>Aureococcus anophagefferens</i> bloom (brown tide) development. Results show that the elevated Ni²⁺ concentrations, e.g. those of brown tide waters in the northeastern US, greatly stimulated <i>A. anophagefferens</i> growth (as compared to the control without Ni addition), yet, only low amounts of dissolved Ni were sequestered, thus leaving excessive Ni directly promoting <i>A. anophagefferens</i> blooms. The medium effective concentration EC₅₀ (Me²⁺) suggests <i>A. anophagefferens</i> has similar Cd sensitivity but much greater Cu tolerance as compared to cyanobacteria, as such, excessive Cu could indirectly promote <i>A. anophagefferens</i> blooms by inhibiting competitors such as <i>Synechococcus sp.</i> The effects of Ni and Cu promoting growth are consistent with the recent genomic study of this alga. In addition, Zn²⁺ concentrations lower than those in brown tide waters enhance <i>A. anophagefferens</i> growth, but Zn sequestration in <i>A. anophagefferens</i> would not substantially reduce total dissolved Zn in these waters. Overall, this study, showing that excessive Cu and Ni likely promote brown tides, provides evidence for trace metal linkages in algal bloom development

Synthesis of (±)-γ-Rubromycin via a New Hypoiodite-Catalytic Oxidative Cycloetherification

A new synthesis of γ-rubromycin is presented through a new oxidative, bisbenzannulated spiroketalization as a key step which is catalyzed by an in situ generated hypoiodite species, developed previously by our group. This key transformation has high efficiency and convenient conditions. This is a new and efficient catalytic application for organohypoiodine reagents