Changes in Norisoprenoid Levels with Long-term Nitrogen Fertilisation in Different Vintages of Vitis vinifera var. Riesling Wines

C13-norisoprenoids were measured in Riesling wines produced from the 1996, 1997 and 2003 vintages within thescope of a long-term nitrogen (N) fertilisation experiment. The wines were made from treatments of 0, 60 and 150kg N/ha; each treatment was repeated four times and arranged in a completely randomised design. N fertilisationled to lower TDN (1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene) concentrations, whereas the trend was for actinidol andß-damascenone to increase with increasing fertilisation and vitispirane was not affected by fertilisation. Yield,which was affected by N fertilisation, showed negative correlations with norisoprenoids in 1996 and 1997.Vitispirane, actinidol and TDN increased with storage time. The colder year, 1996, which had fewer sunshine hours,resulted in higher concentrations of ß-damascenone and lower concentrations of the norisoprenoids vitispirane,actinidol and TDN compared with 1997

Geostatistical Analysis and Scaling of Grapevine Root Distribution

Geostatistical analysis was conducted for the root distribution of Vitis berlandieri x Vitis riparia using dispersionindex, fractal dimension, autocorrelation and semivariance. The data were derived from the observation of rootsof six 12-year old Riesling/5C vine plants in a field experiment using minirhizothron technique. The dispersionindex (DI) indicated the clustering of roots. Autocorrelation as a function of the distance lag showed that a higherDI was related to higher autocorrelation at small lags. Small scale (< 3cm) spatial analysis using variograms,showed a clustering of roots at short distances (< 6cm), but also a periodicity at greater distances (16cm) with holeeffects in the variograms. The spatial variance for small scale was 60-85% within a range of 5-8cm. At mediumscale (5-10cm) the spatial variance decreased to 0-20%. Geostatistical analysis is a useful tool to demonstratevariation in root distribution at plant level and to improve root sampling. Although the different geostatisticaltools were related, it was not possible to deduce one result from the other quantitatively

Male bisexual arousal: A matter of curiosity?

Conflicting evidence exists regarding whether bisexual-identified men are sexually aroused to both men and women. We hypothesized that a distinct characteristic, level of curiosity about sexually diverse acts, distinguishes bisexual-identified men with and without bisexual arousal. Study 1 assessed men's (n = 277) sexual arousal via pupil dilation to male and female sexual stimuli. Bisexual men were, on average, higher in their sexual curiosity than other men. Despite this general difference, only bisexual-identified men with elevated sexual curiosity showed bisexual arousal. Those lower in curiosity had responses resembling those of homosexual men. Study 2 assessed men's (n = 72) sexual arousal via genital responses and replicated findings of Study 1. Study 3 provided information on the validity on our measure of sexual curiosity by relating it to general curiosity and sexual sensation seeking (n = 83). Based on their sexual arousal and personality, at least two groups of men identify as bisexual