Sulfur Transformation during Microwave and Conventional Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge

The sulfur distributions and evolution of sulfur-containing compounds in the char, tar and gas fractions were investigated during the microwave and conventional pyrolysis of sewage sludge. Increased accumulation of sulfur in the char and less production of H₂S were obtained from microwave pyrolysis at higher temperatures (500–800 °C). Three similar conversion pathways were identified for the formation of H₂S during microwave and conventional pyrolysis. The cracking of unstable mercaptan structure in the sludge contributed to the release of H₂S below 300 °C. The decomposition of aliphatic-S compounds in the tars led to the formation of H₂S (300–500 °C). The thermal decomposition of aromatic-S compounds in the tars generated H₂S from 500 to 800 °C. However, the secondary decomposition of thiophene-S compounds took place only in conventional pyrolysis above 700 °C. Comparing the H₂S contributions from microwave and conventional pyrolysis, the significant increase of H₂S yields in conventional pyrolysis was mainly attributed to the decomposition of aromatic-S (increasing by 10.4%) and thiophene-S compounds (11.3%). Further investigation on the inhibition mechanism of H₂S formation during microwave pyrolysis confirmed that, with the special heating characteristics and relative shorter residence time, microwave pyrolysis promoted the retention of H₂S on CaO and inhibited the secondary cracking of thiophene-S compounds at higher temperatures

Paired-wise comparison of FA values in different ROIs.

<p>ROI were defined based on the activated clusters of ANCOVA (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0170185#pone.0170185.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). * represents <i>p</i><0.05; ** represents <i>p</i> < 0.001.</p

Demographic characteristics of the three groups of participants including NC, aMCI-s and aMCI-m.

<p>Demographic characteristics of the three groups of participants including NC, aMCI-s and aMCI-m.</p

Regions showing significant FA differences among NC, aMCI-s and aMCI-m based on ANCOVA.

<p>The threshold was set at a TFCE-corrected P-value of less than 0.01 and a minimum cluster size of 50 contiguous voxels. Left is the left.</p

Regions showing significant FA differences among NC, aMCI-s and aMCI-m based on ANCOVA.

<p>The clusters with a TFCE-corrected P-value of less than 0.01 and a minimum cluster size of 50 contiguous voxels were reported.</p

Significant correlations between FA values and TMT scales were found to be negative in Lt. ATR, and positive in Lt. SLF and Lt. ILF. TMT: the trail making test.

<p>Significant correlations between FA values and TMT scales were found to be negative in Lt. ATR, and positive in Lt. SLF and Lt. ILF. TMT: the trail making test.</p

Significant correlations between FA values and BNT measures were found to be negative in Lt. UF, Lt. SLF and Lt. ILF, and positive in Lt. ATR. BNT: the Boston naming test.

<p>Significant correlations between FA values and BNT measures were found to be negative in Lt. UF, Lt. SLF and Lt. ILF, and positive in Lt. ATR. BNT: the Boston naming test.</p