Yields of barley as affected by first crop, second crop and stage of incorporation of the second crop.

<p>Yields of barley as affected by first crop, second crop and stage of incorporation of the second crop.</p

Field experimental setup.

<p>Barley, faba bean and turnip rape, as first crops, were grown in one block in the first year. In the second year, second crops were sown in randomized complete block designs with four replicates in each block of First crops. The whole plots of caraway and white lupin were incorporated into the soil at flowering stage, and the residues of the whole plots of barley were incorporated after harvest. Half plots of buckwheat, faba bean and hemp were incorporated into the soil at flowering stage and the residues of the other half were incorporated after harvest. In the third year, all the plots were sown with barley. The first year of site II coincided with the second year of site I.</p

Significance levels of terms included in the final models used in the analysis of variance of yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) of barley along with soil mineral nitrogen concentrations two months after incorporation of second crops (N.2), before sowing the final barley crop (N.BS), and difference between incorporation and sowing (N.D).

<p>*, **, ***: P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, respectively.</p><p>Significance levels of terms included in the final models used in the analysis of variance of yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) of barley along with soil mineral nitrogen concentrations two months after incorporation of second crops (N.2), before sowing the final barley crop (N.BS), and difference between incorporation and sowing (N.D).</p

Average daily temperature (°C), number of frost days, and cumulative precipitation as rainfall (mm) during and between the growing seasons.

<p>Average daily temperature (°C), number of frost days, and cumulative precipitation as rainfall (mm) during and between the growing seasons.</p

Crops, fertilizer use (N kg/ha) and sowing density (viable seeds/m²) in the experiments (2010–2012, 2011–2013).

<p>Crops, fertilizer use (N kg/ha) and sowing density (viable seeds/m²) in the experiments (2010–2012, 2011–2013).</p

Soil nitrogen content two months after incorporation of crop residues (N.2), soil nitrogen content before sowing barley (N.BS), and difference between N.2 and N.BS (N.D).

<p>Data show means of each second crop at each stage of incorporation at each site (n = 4, with LSD (Least significant difference, <i>P</i> = 0.05).</p><p>Within a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (<i>P</i> < 0.05), negative numbers of N.D indicate gain of mineral N.</p><p>Soil nitrogen content two months after incorporation of crop residues (N.2), soil nitrogen content before sowing barley (N.BS), and difference between N.2 and N.BS (N.D).</p

Barley yields, GPC, mineral nitrogen concentration two months after incorporation of plant materials (N.2), before sowing the barley crop (N.BS), and difference (N.D) between N.2 and N.BS, as affected by site, first crop, second crop, and stage of incorporation of second-crop residues.

<p>Within a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (<i>P</i> < 0.05) by the LSD test.</p><p>Data show main effect means.</p

Grain protein content of barley and soil nitrogen content two months after incorporating the second crop, according to the second crop and its stage of incorporation.

<p>Data show means across first crops and sites.</p><p>Within a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < 0.05) by the LSD test.</p><p>Grain protein content of barley and soil nitrogen content two months after incorporating the second crop, according to the second crop and its stage of incorporation.</p

Response of barley yields to mineral N in the plough layer (N.BS) before sowing third-year barley.

<p>The correlation was significant at site I, with the S.E. of the slope being 0.008 and that of the intercept 0.19.</p

Proliferation of hDPSCs in BD0.2, BD2, FS0.2 and FS2.

<p>CCK8 assay was performed after 1, 3 and 7 days (means ± sd; n = 4). Values with dissimilar letters are significantly different from each other (p < 0.05).</p