Demographic and sample parameters of successful culture in scalp (n = 146).

<p>OR = odds ratio, AA = African-American, W = White, PMI = postmortem interval, BMI = body mass index, F = female, M = male, VA = Virginia, DC = District of Columbia; Tox = toxicology testing in blood or vitreous humor; * = p<0.05.</p

Fibroblast characterization: FSP-1 protein expression by immunofluorescence staining and cell proliferation assay in dura and scalp. A.

<p>The morphology of postmortem fibroblast cells generated from (a) dura and (b) scalp. Cultured cells from both sources macroscopically looked similar to what is seen in living skin fibroblast cells, with more enriched cytoplasm and spindle-shaped nuclei under phase-contrast microscopy. Cells from (c) dura and (d) scalp express cytoplasmic Fibroblast Specific Protein-1 (FSP-1) (green). Original scale bars = 35 µm. <b>B.</b> Results from cell proliferation assay in 8 fibroblast cell lines (dura and scalp from 4 individuals) in five different densities. Cell viability was determined in 24 hrs and 48 hrs by WST-8 assay. Values are the mean of results from six wells. Bars ± SE. Scalp fibroblast cell lines grew 1.27-fold faster in the same period than dura fibroblast cells. <b>C.</b> Differences in cell proliferation between scalp and dura by one-way ANOVA; scalp cell growth was significantly more rapid than dura cell growth at 24 hr and 48 hr intervals [F (1, 46) = 12.94, p<0.008].</p

iPSCs generated from one dura fibroblast line express pluripotency markers and differentiate to neuronal fates.

<p>Undifferentiated iPSCs express pluripotency markers NANOG (A) and SOX2 (B). Upon neural differentiation, these cells express neuroectoderm marker SOX1 (C). Temporal gene expression analysis also shows a decrease in pluripotency marker OCT4 (POU5F1) and an increase in <i>PAX6</i> expression by quantitative RT-PCR (D). iPSC-derived neurons express βIII-tubulin and MAP2 (E–G).</p

Odds ratio of culture success: dura vs. scalp matched pairs (n = 53).

<p>No = not successful, Yes = successful.</p

Percentage of successful growth in dura (n = 53) vs. scalp (n = 146) samples.

<p>Sample of 146 scalp and 53 dural specimens. The odds of successful culture in dura were nearly 2-fold compared to scalp.</p