Method for pressure and flow calculations of a 5GDHC grid with bidirectional energy flow and non-directional medium flow

Metod för tryckneräkningar av 5GDHC nät

Ability of vaccine strain induced antibodies to neutralize field isolates of caliciviruses from Swedish cats

Background: Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common cause of upper respiratory tract disease in cats worldwide. Its characteristically high mutation rate leads to escape from the humoral immune response induced by natural infection and/or vaccination and consequently vaccines are not always effective against field isolates. Thus, there is a need to continuously investigate the ability of FCV vaccine strain-induced antibodies to neutralize field isolates. Methods: Seventy-eight field isolates of FCV isolated during the years 2008–2012 from Swedish cats displaying clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease were examined in this study. The field isolates were tested for cross-neutralization using a panel of eight anti-sera raised in four pairs of cats following infection with four vaccine strains (F9, 255, G1 and 431). Results: The anti-sera raised against F9 and 255 neutralised 20.5 and 11.5 %, and 47.4 and 64.1 % of field isolates tested, respectively. The anti-sera against the more recently introduced vaccine strains G1 and 431 neutralized 33.3 and 70.5 % and 69.2 and 89.7 %, respectively. Dual vaccine strains displayed a higher cross-neutralization. Conclusions: This study confirms previous observations that more recently introduced vaccine strains induce antibodies with a higher neutralizing capacity compared to vaccine strains that have been used extensively over a long period of time. This study also suggests that dual FCV vaccine strains might neutralize more field isolates compared to single vaccine strains. Vaccine strains should ideally be selected based on updated knowledge on the antigenic properties of field isolates in the local setting, and there is thus a need for continuously studying the evolution of FCV together with the neutralizing capacity of vaccine strain induced antibodies against field isolates at a national and/or regional level

Synthesis of two potential NK1-receptor ligands using [1-11C]ethyl iodide and [1-11C]propyl iodide and initial PET-imaging

BACKGROUND: The previously validated NK(1)-receptor ligand [O-methyl-(11)C]GR205171 binds with a high affinity to the NK(1)-receptor and displays a slow dissociation from the receptor. Hence, it cannot be used in vivo for detecting concentration changes in substance P, the endogenous ligand for the NK(1)-receptor. A radioligand used for monitoring these changes has to enable displacement by the endogenous ligand and thus bind reversibly to the receptor. Small changes in the structure of a receptor ligand can lead to changes in binding characteristics and also in the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. The aim of this study was to use carbon-11 labelled ethyl and propyl iodide with high specific radioactivity in the synthesis of two new and potentially reversible NK(1)-receptor ligands with chemical structures based on [O-methyl-(11)C]GR205171. METHODS: [1-(11)C]Ethyl and [1-(11)C]propyl iodide with specific radioactivities of 90 GBq/μmol and 270 GBq/μmol, respectively, were used in the synthesis of [O-methyl-(11)C]GR205171 analogues by alkylation of O-desmethyl GR205171. The brain uptake of the obtained (2S,3S)-N-(1-(2- [1-(11)C]ethoxy-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-2-phenylpiperidin-3-amine (I) and (2S,3S)-2-phenyl-N-(1-(2- [1-(11)C]propoxy-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)ethyl)piperidin-3-amine (II) was studied with PET in guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys and compared to the uptake of [O-methyl-(11)C]GR205171. RESULTS: All ligands had similar uptake distribution in the guinea pig brain. The PET-studies in rhesus monkeys showed that (II) had no specific binding in striatum. Ligand (I) had moderate specific binding compared to the [O-methyl-(11)C]GR205171. The ethyl analogue (I) displayed reversible binding characteristics contrary to the slow dissociation rate shown by [O-methyl-(11)C]GR205171. CONCLUSION: The propyl-analogue (II) cannot be used for detecting changes in NK(1)-ligand levels, while further studies should be performed with the ethyl-analogue (I)

Dividend Taxes and Income Shifting

This paper analyzes whether a dividend tax cut for owner-managers of closely held corporations encourages income shifting, income generation, or both. We use rich, micro data from Sweden for the period 2000 - 2011 comprising the entire Swedish population, as well as firmand individual-level data for all owner-managers in closely held corporations, partnerships, and self-employed. We find robust evidence of extensive income shifting across tax bases in response to the 2006 dividend tax cut. Relative to owners of unincorporated businesses, owner-managers of closely held corporations do not increase total income. Instead, they relabel earned income as dividend income. The income shifting effect is stronger for owner-managers with tax incentives and with easier access to income shifting through a high ownership share

A 150-Year Perspective on Swedish Capital Income Taxation

This paper describes the evolution of capital income taxation, including corporate, dividend, interest, capital gains and wealth taxation, in Sweden between 1862 and 2010. To illustrate the evolution, we present annual time-series data on the marginal effective tax rates on capital income (METR) for a marginal investment financed with new share issues, retained earnings or debt. Tax tables covering the period are presented. These data are unique in their consistency, thoroughness and time span covered. The METR is low, is stable and does not exceed five percent until World War I, when it starts to drift somewhat upward and vary depending on the source of finance. The outbreak of World War II starts a period when the magnitude and variation of the METR sharply increases. The METR peaks during the 1970s and 1980s and often exceeds 100 percent. The 1990-1991 tax reform and lower inflation reduce the magnitude and variation of the METR. The METR varies between 15 and 40 percent at the end of the examined period

Utvärdering och optimering av industriventilationsanläggningar

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A Novel Method for Designing Fifth-Generation District Heating and Cooling Systems

District heating and cooling systems have been undergoing continuous development and have now reached the fifth-generation. In this innovative technology, connected buildings share local excess energy that otherwise would be wasted, which consequently reduces primary energy demands and carbon emissions. To date, the issue of implementing fifth-generation district systems on existing buildings has received scant attention, and our research addresses this challenging gap by proposing a novel method for designing these systems. We first explain the possible thermal interactions between connected buildings, and then present an analytical solution for the network energy balance, pipe design, and the prediction of fluid temperature under a fixed temperature difference control strategy. The analytical solution was validated against numerical simulations performed on 11 existing buildings located in Lund, Sweden using Modelica models. A diversity index metric between heating and cooling demands was also included in these models to assess the efficiency of the district system in the building cluster. The results from the analytical and numerical solutions were in complete agreement since Modelica is an equation-based modelling language. The developed models pave the way towards future investigations of different temperature control strategies and new business models that arise from the shift to the fifth-generation

Optimera energianvändningen i småhus : - en potentialstudie

Med de nuvarande historiskt höga elpriserna och korta perioder av effektbrist är det mer relevant än någonsin att utforska möjligheterna att ersätta direktverkande el med alternativa system. Detta arbete undersöker, i samarbete med Länsstyrelsen i Halland, olika alternativa uppvärmningssystem som kan minska användningen av direktverkande el inom bostads- och servicesektorn, vilket utgör en betydande del av Sveriges totala elanvändning. Det primära målet är att visa hur regeringens investeringsstöd kan användas för att förbättra uppvärmningssystemen i småhus som för närvarande använder direktverkande el.Med data från energideklarationsregistret och fastighetsregistret har vi undersökt hur Hallands småhusbestånd använder sig utav direktverkande el. Genom att använda denna statistik, samt beräkningsprogramvara, har arbetet kunnat resultera i en el-besparingspotential för småhus i Halland.Den totala elanvändningen för Hallands småhus är cirka 1200 GWh/år. Resultatet visar att det finns en potential att spara 38–46 GWh/år genom att energieffektivisera studiens urval av småhusbeståndet i Hallands län.För att uppnå detta resultat har flera åtgärder genomförts och simulerats, inklusive installation av en värmepump, förbättring av klimatskalet genom tilläggsisolering och fönsterbyte samt installation av solceller.This collaborative study with the County Administrative Board of Halland investigates various alternative heating systems to reduce reliance on direct electric heating in the residential sector, which account for a significant portion of Sweden's electricity consumption The primary objective is to demonstrate how government investment incentives can improve heating systems in single-family houses that currently employ direct electric heating. By analysing data from the energy performance certificate register and real property register, we assess the utilization of direct electric heating in Halland's single-family house stock. Through the integration of this statistical data and calculation software, the study reveals a significant potential for electricity savings in single-family houses in Halland.The results highlight a potential annual savings of 38-46 GWh in Halland County