The middle-income trap - definitions, theories and countries concerned: a literature survey

In recent years, a growing body of economic literature has focused on the phenomenon of the so-called middle-income trap (MIT). The term usually refers to countries that have experienced rapid growth and thus quickly reached middle-income status, but then failed to overcome that income range to further catch up to the developed countries. This paper surveys the MIT literature. It begins by laying out different approaches to defining the MIT (with a focus on the distinction between absolute and relative approaches) and by presenting as well as classifying the most important empirical studies. After a short overview of the currently identified MIT countries, the article summarizes the main explanatory approaches, taking into account both the theoretical foundations and the empirically identified triggering factors

China in the Middle-Income Trap?

Over the last decade, a growing body of literature dealing with the phenomenon of the “middle-income trap” (MIT) has emerged. The term MIT usually refers to countries that have experienced rapid growth and thus reached the status of a middle-income country (MIC) in a considerably short amount of time, but have not been able to further catch up to the group of high-income economies. Especially, since the beginning growth slowdown of the Chinese economy in 2011, there has been rising concern that China is or will also be confronted with such a trap. This paper analyzes the Chinese MIT situation taking into account both the (absolute and relative) empirical MIT definitions and MIT triggering factors identified in the literature. We not only survey the recent literature, but also make our own MIT forecasts and analyze under which conditions China could be caught in an MIT

The middle-income trap - definitions, theories and countries concerned: a literature survey

In recent years, a growing body of economic literature has focused on the phenomenon of the so-called middle-income trap (MIT). The term usually refers to countries that have experienced rapid growth and thus quickly reached middle-income status, but then failed to overcome that income range to further catch up to the developed countries. This paper surveys the MIT literature. It begins by laying out different approaches to defining the MIT (with a focus on the distinction between absolute and relative approaches) and by presenting as well as classifying the most important empirical studies. After a short overview of the currently identified MIT countries, the article summarizes the main explanatory approaches, taking into account both the theoretical foundations and the empirically identified triggering factors

Detecting and Processing Anomalies in a Factory of the Future

Production systems are changing in many aspects on the way to a Factory of the Future, including the level of automation and communication between components. Besides all benefits, this evolution raises the amount, effect and type of anomalies and unforeseen behavior to a new level of complexity. Thus, new detection and mitigation concepts are required. Based on a use-case dealing with a distributed transportation system for production environments, this paper describes the different sources of possible anomalies with the same effect, anomaly detection methods and related mitigation techniques. Depending on the identified anomaly, the FoF should react accordingly, such as fleet or AGV reconfiguration, strong authentication and access control or a deletion of adversarial noises. In this paper, different types of mitigation actions are described that support the fleet in overcoming the effect of the anomaly or preventing them in the future. A concept to select the most appreciate mitigation method is presented, where the detection of the correct source of the anomaly is key. This paper shows how various techniques can work together to gain a holistic view on anomalies in the Factory of the Future for selecting the most appropriate mitigation technique

Developing and Using a Digital Twin of a Decentralized Robot Fleet. Talk at the Finnish Industrial Internet Forum

The CyberFactory#1 (2018-2022) project aims at designing, developing, integrating and demonstrating a set of key enabling capabilities to foster optimization and resilience of the Factories of the Future (FoF). The project includes 29 partners from seven countries and addresses the needs of pilots from Transportation, Automotive, Electronics and Machine manufacturing industries around use cases such as statistical process control, real time asset tracking, distributed manufacturing, and collaborative robotics. The talk will give a short overview about the CyberFactory#1 modeling and simulation activities and present the development and application of a digital twin for a fleet of automated robots as part of the work done by the German partners