Comparison of published AL exposure in the context of NVP-based ART therapy.

<p>Comparison of published AL exposure in the context of NVP-based ART therapy.</p

Demographics for P1079 participants and HIV-1 uninfected historical controls.

<p>Demographics for P1079 participants and HIV-1 uninfected historical controls.</p

Enrollment and completion of intensive PK studies from a trial evaluating AL in children with or without NVP-based ART therapy.

<p>Enrollment and completion of intensive PK studies from a trial evaluating AL in children with or without NVP-based ART therapy.</p

Median (min, max) plasma concentration versus time profile for artemether, dihydroartemisinin and lumefantrine (log₁₀ scale) after AL administration alone in HIV-uninfected controls (dashed line) and with NVP in HIV-infected P1079 participants (solid line).

<p>Median (min, max) plasma concentration versus time profile for artemether, dihydroartemisinin and lumefantrine (log₁₀ scale) after AL administration alone in HIV-uninfected controls (dashed line) and with NVP in HIV-infected P1079 participants (solid line).</p

Additional file 1 of Strengthening capacity of health workers to diagnose birth defects in Ugandan hospitals from 2015 to 2021

Supplementary Material

Malaria in HIV-Infected Children Receiving HIV Protease-Inhibitor- Compared with Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Based Antiretroviral Therapy, IMPAACT P1068s, Substudy to P1060

<div><p>Background</p><p>HIV and malaria geographically overlap. HIV protease inhibitors kill <i>malaria</i> parasites <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, but further evaluation in clinical studies is needed.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Thirty-one children from Malawi aged 4–62 months were followed every 3 months and at intercurrent illness visits for ≤47 months (September 2009-December 2011). We compared malaria parasite carriage by blood smear microscopy (BS) and confirmed clinical malaria incidence (CCM, or positive BS with malaria symptoms) in children initiated on HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) with zidovudine, lamivudine, and either nevirapine (NVP), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, or lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV-rtv), a protease inhibitor.</p><p>Results</p><p>We found an association between increased time to recurrent positive BS, but not CCM, when anti-malarial treatment and LPV-rtv based ART were used concurrently and when accounting for a LPV-rtv and antimalarial treatment interaction (adjusted HR 0.39; 95% CI (0.17,0.89); p = 0.03).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>LPV-rtv in combination with malaria treatment was associated with lower risk of recurrent positive BS, but not CCM, in HIV-infected children. Larger, randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings which may permit ART optimization for malaria-endemic settings.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00719602" target="_blank">NCT00719602</a></p></div

As Treated Recurrent Events of Positive Blood Smears (BS) (Cox Model).

<p>As Treated Recurrent Events of Positive Blood Smears (BS) (Cox Model).</p

Demographic Information for Children Enrolled into P1068s from Lilongwe, Malawi.

<p>Demographic Information for Children Enrolled into P1068s from Lilongwe, Malawi.</p

Graphic representation of patients enrolled in our substudy, P1068s, by sample date.

<p>Lopinavir-ritonavir based antiretroviral therapy (LPV-rtv ART) or NNRTI nevirapine-based ART (NVP ART) treatment regimen and outcomes of Positive Blood Smear (BS) and Confirmed Clinical Malaria (CCM) or are sorted youngest to oldest enrollment age on the x-axis. Asterisks (*) indicate subjects whose regimens went from NVP to LPV-rtv ART on study due to virologic failure as dictated by the parent study, P1060.</p

As Treated Recurrent Events of Confirmed Clinical Malaria (CCM) (Cox Model).

<p>As Treated Recurrent Events of Confirmed Clinical Malaria (CCM) (Cox Model).</p