Targeted Poverty Alleviation Model of China’s Online Education Based on “Triple Classroom”: Take the “Shi Shi Xiang Yun” Online School in Chengdu, China as an Example

The use of increasingly popularized information technology to improve education poverty and then promote the balanced development of education has become the development trend of world education. On the road to poverty alleviation, China has firmly grasped information technology to encourage school reform in areas with scarce educational resources. Among them, “Triple Classroom” was the accurate result of the deep integration of education, teaching, and information technology. Driven by the “Triple Classroom” project, the Shi Shi Middle School in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, built the online open course with the “Shi Shi Xiang Yun (SSXY)” online school as a platform. Thus, they send high-quality educational resources to areas with scarce educational resources and effectively promote education quality improvement in marginal areas

Ultrastructure characteristics and quality changes of low-moisture Chilgoza pine nut (Pinus gerardiana) during the near-freezing-temperature storage

The effects of thermal treatment on the ultrastructure and quality of Chilgoza pine nuts stored at near-freezing temperature were investigated. The moisture content of pine nuts was adjusted to 13.3%, compared to the initial 17.3% moisture content. Thermal treatment improved the storage stability. The hydrolysis of lipids was delayed in low-moisture pine nuts, resulting in a significant inhibition of free fatty acid accumulation in pine nuts. Low-moisture pine nuts also showed lower peroxide and thiobarbituric acid (TBA)​ values compared with the control. Ultrastructure characterization revealed that thermal treatment maintained the cell integrity, deferred the degradation of the plasmalemma and protected the internal lipid droplet. Thermal treatment better retained the antioxidant components, including total phenolics and vitamin E, and reduced the activities of lipase and lipoxygenase in pine nuts. These results indicated that thermal treatment could retard the senescence and deterioration of quality in pine nuts stored at a near-freezing temperature.Se investigaron los efectos del tratamiento térmico en la ultrastructura y la calidad del piñón de pino Chilgoza almacenado a una temperatura cercana a congelación. El contenido de humedad de los piñones de este pino fue de 13,3%, en comparación con el contenido de humedad inicial de 17,3%. El tratamiento térmico mejoró la estabilidad de almacenamiento. La hidrólisis de los lípidos se retardó en los piñones de pino de baja humedad, resultando en una inhibición significativa de la acumulación de ácidos grasos libres en los piñones. Los piñones de pino de baja humedad también mostraron unos índices bajos de peróxido y TBA en comparación con la muestra control. La caracterización de la ultrastructura reveló que el tratamiento térmico mantuvo la integridad de las células, atrasó la degradación de la plasmalema y protegió la gota lipídica interna. El tratamiento térmico retuvo de forma más favorable los componentes antioxidantes, como el total fenólico y la vitamina E, además redujo la actividad de la lipasa y la lipoxigenasa en los piñones. Estos resultados indicaron que el tratamiento térmico podría retardar la senescencia y la deterioración de la calidad de los piñones almacenados a una temperatura cercana a la congelación

Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on Bioactive Components and Antioxidant Capacity of Postharvest Tomato during Ripening

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone which is involved in the regulation of tomato ripening. In this research, the effects of exogenous ABA on the bioactive components and antioxidant capacity of the tomato during postharvest ripening were evaluated. Mature green cherry tomatoes were infiltrated with either ABA (1.0 mM) or deionized water (control) and stored in the dark for 15 days at 20 °C with 90% relative humidity. Fruit colour, firmness, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, phenolic compounds, lycopene, ascorbic acid, enzymatic activities, and antioxidant capacity, as well as the expression of major genes related to phenolic compounds, were periodically monitored. The results revealed that exogenous ABA accelerated the accumulations of total phenolic and flavonoid contents; mostly increased the contents of detected phenolic compounds; enhanced FRAP and DPPH activity; and promoted the activities of PAL, POD, PPO, CAT, and APX during tomato ripening. Meanwhile, the expressions of the major genes (PAL1, C4H, 4CL2, CHS2, F3H, and FLS) involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway were up-regulated (1.13- to 26.95-fold) in the tomato during the first seven days after treatment. These findings indicated that ABA promoted the accumulation of bioactive components and the antioxidant capacity via the regulation of gene expression during tomato ripening

Participation of FaTRAB1 Transcription Factor in the Regulation of <i>FaMADS1</i> Involved in ABA-Dependent Ripening of Strawberry Fruit

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in regulating the ripening of non-climacteric strawberry fruit. In the present study, ABA was confirmed to promote strawberry ripening and induce the down-regulation of FaMADS1. The transient silence of FaMADS1 in strawberries promoted fruit ripening and induced the content of anthocyanin and soluble pectin but reduced firmness and protopectin through a tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing technique. In parallel with the accelerated ripening, the genes were significantly induced in the transiently modified fruit, including anthocyanin-related PAL6, C4H, 4CL, DFR, and UFGT, softening-related PL and XTH, and aroma-related QR and AAT2. In addition, the interaction between FaMADS1 and ABA-related transcription factors was researched. Yeast one-hybrid analysis indicated that the FaMADS1 promoter could interact with FaABI5-5, FaTRAB1, and FaABI5. Furthermore, dual-luciferase assay suggested that FaTRAB1 could actively bind with the FaMADS1 promoter, resulting in the decreased expression of FaMADS1. In brief, these results suggest that the ABA-dependent ripening of strawberry fruit was probably inhibited through inhibiting FaMADS1 expression by the active binding of transcript FaTRAB1 with the FaMADS1 promoter

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Possible Influences of ABA on Secondary Metabolism of Pigments, Flavonoids and Antioxidants in Tomato Fruit during Ripening

<div><p>Abscisic acid (ABA) has been proven to be involved in the regulation of climacteric fruit ripening, but a comprehensive investigation of its influence on ripening related processes is still lacking. By applying the next generation sequencing technology, we conducted a comparative analysis of the effects of exogenous ABA and NDGA (Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis) on tomato fruit ripening. The high throughput sequencing results showed that out of the 25728 genes expressed across all three samples, 10388 were identified as significantly differently expressed genes. Exogenous ABA was found to enhance the transcription of genes involved in pigments metabolism, including carotenoids biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation, whereas NDGA treatment inhibited these processes. The results also revealed the crucial role of ABA in flavonoids synthesis and regulation of antioxidant system. Intriguingly, we also found that an inhibition of endogenous ABA significantly enhanced the transcriptional abundance of genes involved in photosynthesis. Our results highlighted the significance of ABA in regulating tomato ripening, which provided insight into the regulatory mechanism of fruit maturation and senescence process.</p></div

Analysis of DEGs involved in the pathway of ROS-scavenging and photosynthesis, respectively.

<p>(a) Expression profiling of DEGs involved in antioxidant system. Green bar, <i>SOD</i>s; yellow bar, <i>CAT</i>s; blue bar, genes encoding enzymes of GSH-ASA cycle; pink bar, genes encoding enzymes of GPX pathway; purple bar, genes encoding enzymes of PrxR/TrX pathway. (b) Expression profiling of DEGs encoding key enzymes in different steps of photosynthesis.</p

Effects of ABA and NDGA applications on tomato ripening-related physiological indexes during storage at 20°C.

<p>(a) The changes of a* value. (b) The changes of fruit firmness (kN). (c) The changes of total carotenoid content during tomato ripening. (d) The changes of chlorophyll content. (e) The changes of lycopene content. (f) The changes of β-carotenoid content. Error bars represented SE of three biological replicates, and asterisks (*) indicates significant difference (P<0.05) between the value in ABA treatment group or NDGA treatment group and that in CK (control).</p

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Influence of Abscisic Acid on the Metabolism of Pigments, Ascorbic Acid and Folic Acid during Strawberry Fruit Ripening

<div><p>A comprehensive investigation of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and its influence on other important phytochemicals is critical for understanding the versatile roles that ABA plays during strawberry fruit ripening. Using RNA-seq technology, we sampled strawberry fruit in response to ABA or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA; an ABA biosynthesis blocker) treatment during ripening and assessed the expression changes of genes involved in the metabolism of pigments, ascorbic acid (AsA) and folic acid in the receptacles. The transcriptome analysis identified a lot of genes differentially expressed in response to ABA or NDGA treatment. In particular, genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were actively regulated by ABA, with the exception of the gene encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase. Chlorophyll degradation was accelerated by ABA mainly owing to the higher expression of gene encoding pheide a oxygenase. The decrease of β-carotene content was accelerated by ABA treatment and delayed by NDGA. A high negative correlation rate was found between ABA and β-carotene content, indicating the importance of the requirement for ABA synthesis during fruit ripening. In addition, evaluation on the folate biosynthetic pathway indicate that ABA might have minor function in this nutrient’s biosynthesis process, however, it might be involved in its homeostasis. Surprisingly, though AsA content accumulated during fruit ripening, expressions of genes involved in its biosynthesis in the receptacles were significantly lower in ABA-treated fruits. This transcriptome analysis expands our understanding of ABA’s role in phytochemical metabolism during strawberry fruit ripening and the regulatory mechanisms of ABA on these pathways were discussed. Our study provides a wealth of genetic information in the metabolism pathways and may be helpful for molecular manipulation in the future.</p></div