4,099 research outputs found
In silico identification and comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes in human and mouse tissues
BACKGROUND: Screening for differentially expressed genes on the genomic scale and comparative analysis of the expression profiles of orthologous genes between species to study gene function and regulation are becoming increasingly feasible. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are an excellent source of data for such studies using bioinformatic approaches because of the rich libraries and tremendous amount of data now available in the public domain. However, any large-scale EST-based bioinformatics analysis must deal with the heterogeneous, and often ambiguous, tissue and organ terms used to describe EST libraries. RESULTS: To deal with the issue of tissue source, in this work, we carefully screened and organized more than 8 million human and mouse ESTs into 157 human and 108 mouse tissue/organ categories, to which we applied an established statistic test using different thresholds of the p value to identify genes differentially expressed in different tissues. Further analysis of the tissue distribution and level of expression of human and mouse orthologous genes showed that tissue-specific orthologs tended to have more similar expression patterns than those lacking significant tissue specificity. On the other hand, a number of orthologs were found to have significant disparity in their expression profiles, hinting at novel functions, divergent regulation, or new ortholog relationships. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive statistics on the tissue-specific expression of human and mouse genes were obtained in this very large-scale, EST-based analysis. These statistical results have been organized into a database, freely accessible at our website , for easy searching of human and mouse tissue-specific genes and for investigating gene expression profiles in the context of comparative genomics. Comparative analysis showed that, although highly tissue-specific genes tend to exhibit similar expression profiles in human and mouse, there are significant exceptions, indicating that orthologous genes, while sharing basic genomic properties, could result in distinct phenotypes
Geometric phase for nonlinear coherent and squeezed state
The geometric phases for standard coherent states which are widely used in
quantum optics have attracted a large amount of attention. Nevertheless, few
physicists consider about the counterparts of non-linear coherent states, which
are useful in the description of the motion of a trapped ion. In this paper,
the non-unitary and non-cyclic geometric phases for two nonlinear coherent and
one squeezed states are formulated respectively. Moreover, some of their common
properties are discussed respectively, such as gauge invariance, non-locality
and non-linear effects. The non-linear functions have dramatic impacts on the
evolution of the corresponding geometric phases. They speed the evolution up or
down. So this property may have application in controlling or measuring
geometric phase. For the squeezed case, when the squeezed parameter r ->
\infinity, the limiting value of the geometric phase is also determined by
non-linear function at a given time and angular velocity. In addition, the
geometric phases for standard coherent and squeezed states are obtained under a
particular condition. When the time evolution undergoes a period, their
corresponding cyclic geometric phases are achieved as well. And the distinction
between the geometric phases of the two coherent states maybe regarded as a
geometric criterion
Experimental Studies of Low-field Landau Quantization in Two-dimensional Electron Systems in GaAs/AlGaAs Heterostructures
By applying a magnetic field perpendicular to GaAs/AlGaAs two-dimensional
electron systems, we study the low-field Landau quantization when the thermal
damping is reduced with decreasing the temperature. Magneto-oscillations
following Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) formula are observed even when their
amplitudes are so large that the deviation to such a formula is expected. Our
experimental results show the importance of the positive magneto-resistance to
the extension of SdH formula under the damping induced by the disorder.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure
A Wideband Printed Directional Antenna Array with Impedance Regulating Load
We proposed a broadband directional antenna array working at mobile communication frequency band, which achieves a relative bandwidth of 50.7%. This binary antenna array is fed by two branches of the balanced microstrip. To enhance the antenna bandwidth, we introduced a section of loading metal strip. The antenna prototype has a S11 lower than −10 dB within the 1.5 GHz to 2.52 GHz frequency band, particularly from 2.01 GHz to 2.50 GHz, the S11 is lower than −15 dB. The gain varies with relatively small variation within the working band, which is 5.4 dBi to 8.7 dBi
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