THE INCIDENCE AND WAGE EFFECTS OF OVEREDUCATION: THE CASE OF TAIWAN

This paper, based on data from Survey of Family Income and Expenditure of Taiwan, shows that the recent trends of job match in Taiwan labor market have been marked by increasing proportion of overeducated workers due to the higher education expansion policy, while the incidence of undereducation continues to decline. Furthermore, workers¡¯ economic position is not completely determined by their educational levels. Working experience also plays an important role in workers¡¯ job placement and their wages. Workers with relatively less working experience are more likely to be overeducated, while workers with relatively more working experience are more likely to be undereducated. Overeducated (Undereducated) workers would earn more (less) than their co-workers with adequate education but less (more) than the workers having the same educational level with adequate education for jobs. However, the rewards (penalties) to adequate education and overeducation (undereducation) decline as more experience accumulated. Evidence also shows effect of bumping down from overeducation on the wages and employment of lower educated workers.Overeducation, Wage, Bumping Down, Labor Market, Taiwan

Selected International Rules of Foreign Direct Investment in the Telecommunications Sector and Its Influences on Taiwan\u27s Telecommunications Legislation

In past decades, the most significant contributor to the booming global economy was the development of cross-border transactions. Specifically, foreign investment has expanded rapidly, becoming an increasingly important factor in host economies and in the international community. Also, foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased rapidly for a substantial period and covering a wide spectrum of industries. Moreover, foreign investment capital generally will spur economic growth and create better living standards in particular countries. Despite the benefits of FDI, many developing countries fear that by opening up their markets to competition and foreign investment without any restrictions, they will lose control of strategic industries such as the telecommunications sector. Nonetheless, FDI brings technological skills, funds and market competition to the telecommunications industry. In response, many countries create measures and policy requirements to control and guide foreign investment to correspond to their economic and developmental strategies. From an economic standpoint, international investment usually benefits each side but its related legislations internationally and locally are still inchoate. Meanwhile, some multilateral agreements on investment have been negotiated through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and World Trade Organization (WTO) with built-in restrictions on the time frames for implementation and execution. This article will focus on the tension between the goals of the proposed OECD and WTO multilateral investment agreements and the host countries’ economic strategies

Selected International Rules of Foreign Direct Investment in the Telecommunications Sector and Its Influences on Taiwan\u27s Telecommunications Legislation

In past decades, the most significant contributor to the booming global economy was the development of cross-border transactions. Specifically, foreign investment has expanded rapidly, becoming an increasingly important factor in host economies and in the international community. Also, foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased rapidly for a substantial period and covering a wide spectrum of industries. Moreover, foreign investment capital generally will spur economic growth and create better living standards in particular countries. Despite the benefits of FDI, many developing countries fear that by opening up their markets to competition and foreign investment without any restrictions, they will lose control of strategic industries such as the telecommunications sector. Nonetheless, FDI brings technological skills, funds and market competition to the telecommunications industry. In response, many countries create measures and policy requirements to control and guide foreign investment to correspond to their economic and developmental strategies. From an economic standpoint, international investment usually benefits each side but its related legislations internationally and locally are still inchoate. Meanwhile, some multilateral agreements on investment have been negotiated through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and World Trade Organization (WTO) with built-in restrictions on the time frames for implementation and execution. This article will focus on the tension between the goals of the proposed OECD and WTO multilateral investment agreements and the host countries’ economic strategies

Complexity Analysis of Balloon Drawing for Rooted Trees

In a balloon drawing of a tree, all the children under the same parent are placed on the circumference of the circle centered at their parent, and the radius of the circle centered at each node along any path from the root reflects the number of descendants associated with the node. Among various styles of tree drawings reported in the literature, the balloon drawing enjoys a desirable feature of displaying tree structures in a rather balanced fashion. For each internal node in a balloon drawing, the ray from the node to each of its children divides the wedge accommodating the subtree rooted at the child into two sub-wedges. Depending on whether the two sub-wedge angles are required to be identical or not, a balloon drawing can further be divided into two types: even sub-wedge and uneven sub-wedge types. In the most general case, for any internal node in the tree there are two dimensions of freedom that affect the quality of a balloon drawing: (1) altering the order in which the children of the node appear in the drawing, and (2) for the subtree rooted at each child of the node, flipping the two sub-wedges of the subtree. In this paper, we give a comprehensive complexity analysis for optimizing balloon drawings of rooted trees with respect to angular resolution, aspect ratio and standard deviation of angles under various drawing cases depending on whether the tree is of even or uneven sub-wedge type and whether (1) and (2) above are allowed. It turns out that some are NP-complete while others can be solved in polynomial time. We also derive approximation algorithms for those that are intractable in general

Changing wages and employment by skill in Taiwan, 1978-1996: The roles of education policy, trade, and immigration

Since the 1970s, Taiwan\u27s labor market has been characterized as a smooth functioning, highly integrated and nearly full employment market, which also enjoying high growth in labor earnings. Unlike most developed countries, the average unemployment rate in Taiwan was under 3 percent over the 1978--1996 period. Unskilled labor shortage problem has forced many industrial companies to move abroad where have cheaper labor costs. In 1990, the government began to invite foreign temporary unskilled workers from the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Most foreign workers are in manufacturing and construction industries. About the same time, the Taiwan government also has been implementing several major educational reform policies. One policy was to increase the number of two-year and four-year colleges, causing the number of college graduates to increase dramatically since 1990;In this study, the impacts of these two labor supply shocks, i.e. foreign unskilled labor and local skilled labor, on the Taiwan labor market are examined using the 1978--1996 Survey of Family Income and Expenditure in Taiwan. The effects of Taiwan\u27s international trade on the relative labor demand shifts are also analyzed. We find there is little effect of imported foreign unskilled workers on employment and wages for both local skilled and unskilled workers. In the long run, foreign unskilled workers tend to be complements for both local skilled and unskilled workers. The increase in number of college graduates has, not surprisingly, reduced the returns to education for the young college graduates but not for the more experienced college graduates, suggesting that the average quality of college education has been declined and the young college graduates and more experienced college graduates are not close substitutes. Women\u27s share in every industry has been dramatically increased and the gender earnings gap in Taiwan was significantly reduced during this period, although wage differentials against women still persist. The lower-educated workers and women were favored in the prediction from the trade effect. However, the trend has been gradually shifted to the higher-educated workers

Twinning Pseudoelasticity In InTl

Twin boundaries generally contribute significantly to the damping of a twinned crystal. In an In-19.1 at.% Tl single crystal the damping gives rise to auto modulation if the internal friction studies are performed in the 10 Hz frequency range, with a strain amplitude larger than 0.05 and at temperatures lower than 10°C. The frequency of the auto modulation is about 60 times slower than the frequency with which the reed type sample is driven. The auto modulation frequency has a maximum at -6 C and is characterized by an activation energy of 29 kJ/mol (7 kcal/mol). This maximum can be understood by applying Lücke and Stüwe, and Cahn\u27s theory of impurity diffusion-controlled grain boundary motion to the motion of twin boundaries. On the basis of this analysis, it is suggested that the twinning pseudo elasticity in InTl comes about because at low temperatures the Tl atoms in the vicinity of the core of the twin boundary cannot relax to their equilibrium configuration. © 1983

Plane-projection multi-photon microscopy for high-frame-rate Live Tissue Imaging

We present a wide-field multi-photon microscopy that provides optical sectioning at high frame rate under biocompatible laser dosage. Axial resolution comparable to confocal microscopy and 5-frame-per-second live tissue imaging are demonstrated

Developing Countries and the Practicality of Multilateral Investment Agreements on Telecommunications

During the past few decades, foreign investment has rapidly increased worldwide and has enhanced economic growth in developing countries. Although foreign investment brings huge economic benefits, many developing countries fear that by opening up markets to competition and foreign investment without restriction, they will lose control of their strategic industries. Among those industries, telecommunications is a sector with substantial impact and influence on national security, social stability and economic development. Therefore, the balance between economic gains from foreign investment and national telecommunications sovereignty presents a challenging task. A proposed international investment agreement has been negotiated in international community to possibly solve many of the disputes between foreign investment and national sovereignty. However, is foreign investment a necessary mechanism for developing countries to promote their economic growth? With different developmental models and a myriad of different economic difficulties, is a uniform global investment instrument suitable to meet the different demands for developing countries? This article will examine current international investment regime and their relation with telecommunications as an influence in developing countires. Assessing these crtitical issues, this article hopes to find a new poisition for telecommunications in a formingly integrated global market