Cross-border trafficking in human beings: prevention and intervention strategies for reducing sexual exploitation

Over the years, growing attention has been given to the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings (THB). Sexual exploitation was until recently by far the most commonly identified feature of THB, followed by forced labour. Many activities to combat trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation have been initiated by numerous supranational, international as well as national organizations. Much is written about these initiatives, but some areas have been neglected. Knowledge on ‘what works’ is in particular limited. The growing attention to THB entails a demand for more information. The severity of the crime and the impact on its victims makes it of utmost importance to gain more insight into the working and effectiveness of anti-trafficking strategies and interventions. The main objective of this review was to assess the presently available evidence on the effects of interventions that aim to prevent and suppress trafficking in human beings

Unavoidable Exploitation? Conflict, Agency and Human Trafficking

This chapter considers the vulnerabilities generated specifically by conflict that put people at risk of human trafficking. A review of existing literature summarises some of the most common situations of human trafficking in the context of conflict. The literature is then built upon using findings from recent, in-depth interviews with individuals who have fled conflict. These findings draw further conclusions about how conflict encourages human trafficking, and offers insight into the lived experience of where conflict and trafficking meet. Much of the literature is concerned with child soldiers and how they, as victims of human trafficking, are exploited for the benefit of the military, regardless of how they are recruited or the role they play in an armed force. These experiences of child soldiers provide valuable insight into how armed forces are able to weaponise human trafficking. Considerable literature also focuses on the risks facing individuals in post-conflict zones who are living through extreme turbulence and who are faced with huge competition for limited resources in a time of economic and political transition, which is commonly tarnished with corruption. When resources are scarce, employment opportunities are rare and there is a lack of law enforcement, as are all common in times of conflict, there is a significant impact on individuals’ agency. By limiting the options available, conflict leaves these people in a position where they must decide between choices which commonly all hold inherent risk and where exploitation may be unavoidable. Through ascertaining the drivers of human trafficking in conflict and post-conflict zones, this chapter identifies the key vulnerabilities that put people most at risk. Whilst accepting the limitations of policy changes in areas affected by conflict, these are the primary issues that must be addressed if the risk of trafficking in such an environment is to be mitigated