Assessment of Development Control Enforcement in Girei Township, Adamawa State, Nigeria

This paper provides a case of assessment of development control regulations enforcement in Girei, Adamawa State in Nigeria. Planning enforcement has been regarded as the most complex part of the planning process. The indiscriminate erection of structures in the Girei urban environment has turned them in to urban  environmental nuisance. This have given planners and urban managers tough time on how to address the disordered physical environmental consequences. This study assesses development control regulations enforcement in Girei, Adamawa State. Questionnaire survey of 360 households with the aid of cluster and random sampling techniques were used and data were obtained from the relevant respondents and  establishments. The target population is 3,600 households. Ten percent of the target population is used as the sample size. Descriptive statistics is use in the analysis, this includes, frequency, mean and percentages while analysis of Variance using ANOVA is also used to test the significance difference between Girei environmental quality and development control compliance level in five selected wards of Girei township. Findings show low level of public enlightenment, non-compliance to buildings regulations, illiteracy, inadequate distribution oflayout plans. This has resulted to environmental degradation, inadequate public purpose space, loss of  desirable neighbourhood character and inadequacy of parking spaces. The study recommends for improved level of awareness campaign and enforcement of strict compliance regulations, review of regulations and the implications of change from Development Control to Development Management in physical planning practices

Socio-economic Impact of Street Trade in Jimeta- Yola Adamawa State, Nigeria

This paper provides an overview of socio-economic impact of street trade in Jimeta-Yola. Research problem shows the indiscriminate street hawking in Jimeta-Yola leading to encroachment on right of way and traffic congestion. This occurs as vehicles and pedestrians cannot pass easily due to perpetual display of goods along road sides. The survey conducted among some 140 respondents randomly selected from 10% of the street vendors with the aid of stratified random sampling techniques. The vendors that squat along the major streets and open spaces around major markets and public places were selected as respondents. Data were obtained from the relevant respondents and establishments and the target population is 1,400 vendors. Ten percent of the target population is used as the sample size. Results show that inability of government to provide adequate utilities and spaces for street traders lead to road and drainage blockages. This study therefore recommends for a law regulating the distribution of street markets in Jimeta-Yola and provide sanctions to regulate the use of public spaces and roads to curb the nuisance

Estimasi Kapasitas Tampung dan Potensi Nilai Nutrisi Daun Nenas di PT. Great Giant Pineapple Terbanggi Besar sebagai Pakan Ruminansia

The aim of this research is to know the potential and the capasities of pineapple's leaves in PT. Great Giant Pineapple Terbanggi as the ruminant's feed. This research was held in June 2013 until August 2013 in PT. Great Giant Pineapple Terbanggi Besar, Central Lampung. This research uses the ‘purposive sampling' survey method. The data that would be used in this research consists of the primary data and secondary data. The Primary data encompasses all information about the plantations that become the object of the research, for example, the planting area, the harvested area, the production wastes that will be produced and the wastes management. The secondary data is a data that can be obtainable from the existing literature, including the information about the existing potential estates in Terbanggi Besar, Central Lampung. The results of this research shows that the total wastes of the pineapple's leaves in PT. Great Giant Pinneapple is ± 9.000 kg/ha. Carrying capacity for ruminant is 53.152 UT per year (40% assuming feed) and with 42.553 UT per year (50% assuming feed) can fulfill the necessity as alternative of ruminant's feed.

Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Onggok Melalui Pengolahan Biologis Terhadap Parameter Rumen Dan Kecernaan Zat-Zat Makanan Sapi

The aims of the research were to study utilization of cassava waste through biological processing on rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility. The treatments was based on first years research. The treatment was used latin squere design 4x4.. Young cattle was used as material of this research. The treatments were arranged: R0: basal rations + 30% cassava waste (no treatment); R1 basal rations + 30% fermented cassava waste ( fermented by Aspergillus oryzae and prekursor urea 3 %); R2 : basal rations +30% fermented cassava waste ( fermented by Aspergillus oryzae and prekursor ammonium sulfat 1 %); R3 : basal rations + 15% fermented cassava waste ( fermented by Aspergillus oryzae and prekursor urea 3 %) + 15% fermented cassava waste ( fermented by Aspergillus oryzae and prekursor ammonium sulfat 1 %). The result showed that the treatments had no effect on rumen parameters and nutrient digestibility (dry matters and organic matters

Pengaruh Penambahan Berbagai Jenis Sumber Karbohidrat pada Silase Limbah Sayuran terhadap Kadar Lemak Kasar, Serat Kasar, Protein Kasar dan Bahan Ekstrak tanpa Nitrogen

Vegetable waste in the traditional market can be used as feed. Nevertheless, the shortcomings from vegetable waste is have a high level of water content. Vegetables waste can be processed to be silage with addition accelerators that is rice bran, cassava flour, molasses. The purpose of this research was to compare the effect of additioning some source of carbohydrate in the fermentation of the vegetable waste silage. This research use Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments by adding source of carbohydrate as accelerator ( rice bran, cassava flour, molasses and silage without the addition of accelerators) and three repetition. Data was analyzed by Analysis of Varians and continued with Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) 0,01 or 0,05. The result of this research showed that vegetable waste silage by adding different carbohydrate sources has highly significant (P0,05). The best treatment for crude protein and crude fat contents of vegetable waste silage by addition of rice bran and cassava flour for nitrogen free extract

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kelapa Sawit Melalui Pengolahan Biologis dalam Rangka Integrasi Industri Kelapa Sawit dan Ternak Ruminansia

The aims of the research was to identified effect of biological processing of the palm oil by product on nutrient parameters on ruminant. Fungi was used in this research was Sacharomyces cerevicae . After the processing, palm oil by product was added into basal rations. Latin square design was used . The research used four cattle as matterial trial . The treatments was arranged R0= basal rations (70 % consentrate+30% forage), Rz=85% basal rations+15% combinations of palm press fiber and palm oil sludge, R2= 70% basal rations+30% combinations of palm press fiber and palm oil sludge, R3=55 % basal rations+ 45% combinations of palm press fiber and palm oil sludge. The result showed that the treatments had no significant effect on rumen parameters and dry matters consumptions (P<0.05). Digestibility parameters had significant effect (P>0,05). Based on least significant different test, substitution palm oil by product on 30 to 45% could decreasing nutrient digestibility both dry matter, organic matter, protein, and crude fiber. Based on nutrient digestibility parameters, palm oil by product can be used up to 15%. Keywords : Palm oil by product, digestibilit

A mutagenicity and cytotoxicity study on Limonium effusum aqueous extracts by Allıum, ames and MTT tests

Nowadays plants or plant extracts have become very important for alternative medicine. Plants and their extracts have many therapeutical advantages but some of them are potentially toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic. Root, stem and leaf parts of Limonium effusum were used in this study and this species is an endemic species for Turkey. Mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of root, stem and leaf aqueous extracts were observed with Allium, Ames and MTT tests. Allium root growth inhibition test and mitotic index studies showed that aqueous extracts have dose-dependent toxic effects. Chromosome aberration studies indicated that especially sticky chromosome, anaphase-telophase disorder and laggard chromosome anomalies were highly observed. Ames test performed with Limonium effusum root aqueous extracts, showed weak mutagenic effects in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strain with S9. MTT test based on mitochondrial activity indicated that most of the aqueous extracts have cytotoxic effects. This study aimed to determine the possible mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of L. effusum aqueous extracts by using bacterial, plant and mammalian cells. This research showed that some low concentrations of the L. effusum extracts have inhibited cytotoxic effects but high concentrations have induced cytotoxicity. On the other hand only a weak mutagenic activity was identified by Ames test with TA98 S9(+).В настоящее время растения или экстракты растений стали очень важными для альтернативной медицины. Растения и их экстракты имеют много терапевтических преимуществ, однако некоторые из них являются потенциально токсичными, мутагенными, канцерогенными и тератогенными. Корни, стебли и листья Limonium effusum, эндемичного вида Турции, были изучены в этой работе. Мутагенные и цитотоксические эффекты водных экс-трактов корней, стеблей и листьев Limonium effusum были изучены с помощью Allium-теста, теста Эймса и МТТ-теста. Тест на ингибирование роста корней лука и определение митотического индекса показали, что водные экстракты имеют дозозависимый токсичный эффект. При изучении хромосомных аберраций обнаружено большое количество таких аномалий, как слипшиеся хромосомы, нарушения анафазы-телофазы и отставшие хромосомы. Тест Эймса, проведенный на водных экстрактах корней Limonium effusum, показал слабо выраженный мутагенный эффект по отношению к Salmonella typhimurium, штамм TA98 с S9. МТТ-тест, основанный на митохондриальной активности, показал, что большинство экстрактов имели цитотоксические эффекты. Цель этого исследования изучить возможные мутагенные и цитотоксические эффекты водных экстрактов L. effusum с использованием бактериальных, растительных клеток и клеток млекопитающих. Определенные низкие концентрации экстрактов L. effusum ингибировали цитотоксические эффекты, а высокие концентрации индуцировали цитотоксичность. Слабая мутагенная активность была определена только при помощи теста Эймса с TA98 S9(+)

Evaluation of CD4 count progression in HIV-infected patients on different classes of antiretroviral regimens

Background: Understanding the expected effects of different antiretroviral regimens on CD4 count will guide therapeutic decision and monitoring treatment progress that will improve patients’ outcomes.Objective: To evaluate the effects of two first line and one second line antiretroviral regimens on annual changes in CD4 count of HIV-infected patients at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto.Method: A retrospective analysis of patients’ records between 2011 and 2015 which were selected using systematic random sampling was conducted. A total of 423 records of patients that met the inclusion criteria were evaluated for changes in CD4 count. The data were analysed using descriptive, correlation and linear regression statistics, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.Results: Majority of the patients were females (75.4%) and their mean age was 37.1±9.1 years. Correlation analysis showed that increasing duration of the disease state (p=0.001) and treatment (p=0.001) were significantly associated with low annual percentage increase in CD4 count. Linear regression models showed that among patients with CD4 cell counts of ≤300 cells/mm3, the annual percentage increase of those on Tenofovir (TDF) + Emtricitabine (or Lamivudine) (XTC) + Efavirenz (EFZ), Zidovudine (AZT) + Lamivudine (3TC) + Nevirapine (NVP)and TDF+XTC + Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) regimens were 41.1%, 16.9% and 4.9% respectively. Patients with CD4 counts >300 to 500 cells/mm3 mostly had insignificant increase of 4.5%, 1.3% and 2.9% respectively. All patients with CD4 >500 cells/mm3 had insignificant decrease.Conclusion: Significant increase in annual percentage CD4 count is observed only when the CD4 count is low with patients on TDF+XTC+EFZ regimen showing the best increase. Increase in duration of the disease and treatment were associated with low annual increase.Keywords: Antiretroviral regimen, CD4 count, HIV, Highly active antiretroviral therap