3 research outputs found
The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden
A novel 'skinny pot-belly' disease in Asian seabass fry, Lates calcarifer (Bloch)
In Singapore, viral nervous necrosis (VNN) is
considered to be the most serious disease of farmed
Asian seabass fry, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) (barramundi), causing mortalities of 80–100% and heavy
economic loss (Lim, Chong & Kueh 1997; Kasornchandra 2002). When some ‘skinny pot-bellied’
seabass fry were presented to the Aquatic Animal
Health Laboratory early in 2004, with a history that
the disease was usually first observed at around
3 weeks of age, VNN was the prime suspect. Instead
of central nervous lesions, however (Munday,
Langdon, Hyatt & Humphrey 1992), histopathological examination showed the presence of a severe
necrotizing and ulcerative enteritis, progressing to
perforation and peritonitis, with disseminated
multifocal granulomas. Associated with these lesions
were numerous bacterial colonies. This preliminary
report presents a description of this novel systemic
bacterial disease of young seabass, typified by
emaciation and abdominal distension, and associated with high mortality. Immunohistochemistry
suggests an association with Edwardsiella ictaluri