X-SNS: Cross-Lingual Transfer Prediction through Sub-Network Similarity

Cross-lingual transfer (XLT) is an emergent ability of multilingual language models that preserves their performance on a task to a significant extent when evaluated in languages that were not included in the fine-tuning process. While English, due to its widespread usage, is typically regarded as the primary language for model adaption in various tasks, recent studies have revealed that the efficacy of XLT can be amplified by selecting the most appropriate source languages based on specific conditions. In this work, we propose the utilization of sub-network similarity between two languages as a proxy for predicting the compatibility of the languages in the context of XLT. Our approach is model-oriented, better reflecting the inner workings of foundation models. In addition, it requires only a moderate amount of raw text from candidate languages, distinguishing it from the majority of previous methods that rely on external resources. In experiments, we demonstrate that our method is more effective than baselines across diverse tasks. Specifically, it shows proficiency in ranking candidates for zero-shot XLT, achieving an improvement of 4.6% on average in terms of NDCG@3. We also provide extensive analyses that confirm the utility of sub-networks for XLT prediction.Comment: Accepted to EMNLP 2023 (Findings

Verilog Modeling of Transmission Line for USB 2.0 High-Speed PHY Interface

A Verilog model is proposed for transmission lines to perform the all-Verilog simulation of high-speed chip-to-chip interface system, which reduces the simulation time by around 770 times compared to the mixed-mode simulation. The single-pulse response of transmission line in SPICE model is converted into that in Verilog model by converting the full-scale analog signal into an 11-bit digital code after uniform time sampling. The receiver waveform of transmission line is calculated by adding or subtracting the single-pulse response in Verilog model depending on the transmitting digital code values with appropriate time delay. The application of this work to a USB 2.0 high-speed PHY interface reduces the simulation time to less than three minutes with error less than 5% while the mixed-mode simulation takes more than two days for the same circuit.X1133Ysciescopu

Effect of the glyceryl monooleate-based lyotropic phases on skin permeation using in vitro diffusion and skin imaging

AbstractGlyceryl monooleate (GMO) is a polar lipid that can exist in various liquid crystalline phases in the presence of different amounts of water. It is regarded as a permeation enhancer due to its amphiphilic property. Various phases of GMO/solvent system containing sodium fluorescein were prepared to compare permeability using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). GMO was melted in a vial in a water bath heated to 45 °C. Propylene glycol and hexanediol were homogeneously dissolved in the melted GMO. Sodium fluorescein in aqueous solution was diluted to various ratios and thoroughly mixed by an ultrasonic homogenizer. Each GMO/Solvent system with fluorescein was applied onto the epidermal side of excised pig skin and incubated overnight. CLSM was performed to observe how the GMO/solvent system in its different phases affect skin permeability. Cubic and lamellar phase formulations enhanced the fluorescein permeation through the stratum corneum. A solution system had the weakest permeability compared to the other two phases. Due to the amphiphilic nature of GMO, cubic and lamellar phases might reduce the barrier function of stratum corneum which was observed by CLSM as fluorescein accumulated in the dermis. Based on the results, the glyceryl monooleate lyotropic mixtures could be applied to enhance skin permeation in various topical and transdermal formulations

One-Step Fabrication of Hierarchically Structured Silicon Surfaces and Modification of Their Morphologies Using Sacrificial Layers

Fabrication of one-dimensional nanostructures is a key issue for optical devices, fluidic devices, and solar cells because of their unique functionalities such as antireflection and superhydrophobicity. Here, we report a novel one-step process to fabricate patternable hierarchical structures consisting of microstructures and one-dimensional nanostructures using a sacrificial layer. The layer plays a role as not only a micromask for producing microstructures but also as a nanomask for nanostructures according to the etching time. Using this method, we fabricated patterned hierarchical structures, with the ability to control the shape and density of the nanostructure. The various architectures provided unique functionalities. For example, our sacrificial-layer etching method allowed nanostructures denser than what would be attainable with conventional processes to form. The dense nanostructure resulted in a very low reflectance of the silicon surface (less than 1%). The nanostructured surface and hierarchically structured surface also exhibited excellent antiwetting properties, with a high contact angle (>165°) and low sliding angle (<1°). We believe that our fabrication approach will provide new insight into functional surfaces, such as those used for antiwetting and antireflection surface applications

Comparison of Measurement and Prediction of ITU-R Recommendation P.1546

This paper compares measurement with prediction of ITU-R Recommendation P.1546. This recommendation mainly depends on propagation curves which are based on the measurement result. The basic field strength is derived from the curve corresponding to transmitting antenna height, frequency and required distance and then correction factor is added to this. There are two important correction values in this recommendation. First factor is the correction for receiving/mobile antenna height and second factor is the terrain clearance angle (TCA) correction. This paper specially focuses on first correction factor with regard to R which is representative of the height of the ground cover surrounding receiving/mobile antenna. We propose several considerations to enhance the prediction accuracy of ITU-R Recommendation P.1546

A Research on the Trend Pattern Analysis of Industrial Water Consumption

The purpose of this study is to propose the average trend pattern of the industrial water consumption. A real-time sensing technique was adopted for the consumption data acquisition. Data were transformed from the field equipments to the management server in every 5 minutes. The data acquired were substituted to a polynomial formula selected. As a result, a series of models were developed for each day. Each of these models is finalized to represent the average water consumption for the day. In this way, an average consumption pattern is derived for each day of a week. As a result of the aforementioned research, the proposed trend pattern analysis technique is expected to offer some important role for the water supply forecasting administration and management