Effects of GL on pathological changes in pancreatic tissues.

<p>A: Pancreatic H&E (×200) stained sections. The normal architecture was found in sections from the Control group. In TP and TP-GL group, edema, necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammation were found obviously in the pancreatic tissue after 24 h of impact injury. However, these pathological damages in TP-GL group (C, H&E ×200) were significantly lighter than those in TP group (B, H&E ×200). Histopathologic scores were significantly higher in TP and TP-GL group comparing to Control group; however, the score of TP-GL group was less than that of TP group (D). * <i>P</i><0.05 versus Control group, # <i>P</i><0.05 versus TP group. (TP, traumatic pancreatitis; GL, Glycyrrhizin).</p

Serum levels of amylase in rats.

<p>At 24 h after induction of impact injury, serum amylase levels of TP group and TP-GL group were higher than those of the Control group. The serum amylase levels in TP-GL group were slightly lower than those in TP group, but there were no statistical significance.* <i>P</i><0.05 versus Control group. (TP, traumatic pancreatitis; GL, Glycyrrhizin).</p

Survival analysis of TP rats.

<p>Kaplan-Meier survival curves of rats during 7 days after the induction of traumatic pancreatitis showed that the seven-day survival rate in the TP group was significantly lower than that in the TP-GL group (45% versus 65%), indicating that GL might participating in the improvement of the survival rate of TP rats. *<i>P</i><0.05 versus Control group, # <i>P</i><0.05 versus TP group. (TP, traumatic pancreatitis; GL, Glycyrrhizin).</p

Serum levels of HMGB1 in rats.

<p>At 24 h after induction of impact injury, the serum levels of HMGB1 in TP and TP-GL groups were significantly higher than those in Control group. Moreover, the serum HMGB1 levels of TP-GL group showed obvious reduction compared with TP group after 24 h of impact injury. * <i>P</i><0.05 versus Control group, ^#<i>P</i><0.05 versus TP group. (TP, traumatic pancreatitis; GL, Glycyrrhizin).</p

Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in rats.

<p>At 24 hours after impact injury, serum levels of TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) in TP and TP-GL group were remarkably higher than those in Control group. Meanwhile, both of the two proinflammatory cytokines revealed a significant decrease in TP-GL group compared with TP group. * <i>P</i><0.05 versus Control group, # <i>P</i><0.05 versus TP group. (TP, traumatic pancreatitis; GL, Glycyrrhizin).</p

Additional file 3: Figure S1. of Leptin receptor signaling is required for high-fat diet-induced atrophic gastritis in mice

Alteration of index associated with obesity. Body weight (A), insulin, leptin, glucose and NEFA in sera (B) in CD- and HFD-fed WT, ob/ob and db/db mice were measured 1 week after feeding. Results were analyzed by the Kruskal Wallis test. *p < 0.01. (EPS 1473 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Leptin receptor signaling is required for high-fat diet-induced atrophic gastritis in mice

Primers used for quantitative PCR. (DOCX 100 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Leptin receptor signaling is required for high-fat diet-induced atrophic gastritis in mice

Antibody list: Antibodies used for western blotting and immunohistochemistry. (DOCX 127 kb