Detection, Diagnosis, and Preventive Management of the Bacterial Plant Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae

highest resolution figures in pdf.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Immune analysis of expression of IL-17 relative ligands and their receptors in bladder cancer: comparison with polyp and cystitis

Antibodies used in the present study. (DOC 16 kb

PPD suppression of androgen-independent AR transactivation.

<p><b>A.</b> Reporter gene assay showing PPD inhibition of androgen-independent <i>trans</i>-activating activity of AR. 22Rv1 cells were co-transfected with the ARE-luciferase construct and the pRL-TK construct, and the activity of the firefly luciferase was normalized by that of the <i>Renilla</i> luciferase. <b>B & C.</b> qRT-PCR analyses showing PPD decrease the expression of the canonical AR targets PSA and TMPRSS2 (B) and the AR-V-specific target CCNA2 (C) in 22Rv1 cells. *, <i>P</i><0.05 from control. Cells were cultured in androgen-deprived condition. PPD, 20 µg/ml. Error bars, SEM.</p

PPD inhibition of AR expression and mitosis in castration-resistant LNCaP xenograft tumors.

<p>Tumors were harvested at the end of the experiment of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111201#pone-0111201-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a>. <b>A.</b> AR immunohistochemical staining of the tumor sections. Left panel, quantitation of the data. Right panels, representative images. <b>B.</b> Phospho-histone H3 immunohistochemical staining of the tumor sections. Left panel, quantitation of the data. Right panels, representative images. <b>C.</b> H&E staining of the tumor sections. *, <i>P</i><0.05 from the control group. Error bars, SEM.</p

PPD inhibition of AR expression and mitosis in castration-resistant 22Rv1 xenograft tumors.

<p>Tumors were harvested at the end of the experiment of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111201#pone-0111201-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5</a>. <b>A.</b> AR immunohistochemical staining of the tumor sections. Left panel, quantitation of the data. Right panels, representative images. <b>B.</b> Phospho-histone H3 immunohistochemical staining of the tumor sections. Left panel, quantitation of the data. Right panels, representative images. <b>C.</b> Western blot analysis of the tumors using a pan-AR antibody. Quantitation of the data was presented below the blots. <b>D.</b> H&E staining of the tumor sections. *, <i>P</i><0.05 from the control group. Error bars, SEM.</p

Enzalutamide did not inhibit mitosis in castration-resistant 22Rv1 xenograft tumors.

<p>Tumors were harvested at the end of the experiment of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111201#pone-0111201-g007" target="_blank">Figure 7</a>. <b>A.</b> Phospho-histone H3 immunohistochemical staining of the tumor sections. Left panel, quantitation of the data. Right panels, representative images. <b>B.</b> H&E staining of the tumor sections. Enz, enzalutamide. Error bars, SEM.</p

PPD inhibition of the growth of castration-resistant 22Rv1 xenograft tumors.

<p>22Rv1 cells were inoculated into castrated nude mice. When the tumors reached ∼100 mm³, the mice were treated with 40 mg/kg PPD through oral gavage 6 days per week (n = 11). <b>A.</b> Mean tumor volumes. <b>B.</b> Individual tumor weight at the conclusion of the experiment. <b>C.</b> Mean mouse body weights. <b>D.</b> Mean serum PSA level determined by ELISA, normalized by tumor weights, at the conclusion of the study. *, <i>P</i><0.05 from the control group. Error bars, SEM.</p

Enzalutamide did not affect the growth of castration-resistant 22Rv1 xenograft tumors.

<p>22Rv1 cells were inoculated into castrated nude mice. When the tumors reached ∼100 mm³, the mice were treated with 10 or 30 mg/kg enzalutamide through oral gavage 6 days per week (n = 4). <b>A.</b> Mean tumor volumes. <b>B.</b> Individual tumor weight at the conclusion of the experiment. <b>C.</b> Mean mouse body weights. <b>D.</b> Mean serum PSA level determined by ELISA, normalized by tumor weights, at the conclusion of the study. Enz, enzalutamide. Neither of the treatment groups showed statistical difference from the control group in any of the endpoints. Error bars, SEM.</p

PPD downregulation of AR expression in androgen-deprived condition.

<p><b>A & B.</b> Western blot analysis of AR proteins with an antibody recognizing all AR isoforms or specific for AR-V7 in 22Rv1 (A) or CWR-R1 cells (B). The numbers in the tables denote relative normalized intensities of the AR protein bands compared to the control value of 100. <b>C.</b> qRT-PCR analysis of the mRNA levels of AR-FL and AR-Vs in 22Rv1 cells. *, <i>P</i><0.05 from control. Cells were cultured in androgen-deprived condition. PPD, 20 µg/ml. Error bars, SEM.</p

PPD inhibition of castration-resistant progression of LNCaP xenograft tumors.

<p>LNCaP cells were inoculated into gonad-intact nude mice, and surgical castration was performed when the tumors reached ∼100 mm³. Treatment with 40 mg/kg PPD through oral gavage 6 days per week was initiated the day following castration (n = 10). <b>A.</b> Mean tumor volumes. <b>B.</b> Individual tumor weights at the conclusion of the experiment. <b>C.</b> Mean mouse body weights. <b>D.</b> Mean serum PSA level determined by ELISA, normalized by tumor weights, at the conclusion of the study. *, <i>P</i><0.05 from the control group. Error bars, SEM.</p