BiGSeT: Binary Mask-Guided Separation Training for DNN-based Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection

Hyperspectral anomaly detection (HAD) aims to recognize a minority of anomalies that are spectrally different from their surrounding background without prior knowledge. Deep neural networks (DNNs), including autoencoders (AEs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs), have shown remarkable performance in this field due to their powerful ability to model the complicated background. However, for reconstruction tasks, DNNs tend to incorporate both background and anomalies into the estimated background, which is referred to as the identical mapping problem (IMP) and leads to significantly decreased performance. To address this limitation, we propose a model-independent binary mask-guided separation training strategy for DNNs, named BiGSeT. Our method introduces a separation training loss based on a latent binary mask to separately constrain the background and anomalies in the estimated image. The background is preserved, while the potential anomalies are suppressed by using an efficient second-order Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) operator, generating a pure background estimate. In order to maintain separability during training, we periodically update the mask using a robust proportion threshold estimated before the training. In our experiments, We adopt a vanilla AE as the network to validate our training strategy on several real-world datasets. Our results show superior performance compared to some state-of-the-art methods. Specifically, we achieved a 90.67% AUC score on the HyMap Cooke City dataset. Additionally, we applied our training strategy to other deep network structures, achieving improved detection performance compared to their original versions, demonstrating its effective transferability. The code of our method will be available at https://github.com/enter-i-username/BiGSeT.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, submitted to IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSIN

The Differential Role of Human Cationic Trypsinogen (PRSS1) p.R122H Mutation in Hereditary and Nonhereditary Chronic Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background:Environmental factors and genetic mutations have been increasingly recognized as risk factors for chronic pancreatitis (CP). The PRSS1 p.R122H mutation was the first discovered to affect hereditary CP, with 80% penetrance. We performed here a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the associations of PRSS1 p.R122H mutation with CP of diverse etiology. Methods:The PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE database were reviewed. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals was used to evaluate the association of p.R122H mutation with CP. Initial analysis was conducted with all etiologies of CP, followed by a subgroup analysis for hereditary and nonhereditary CP, including alcoholic or idiopathic CP. Results:A total of eight case-control studies (1733 cases and 2415 controls) were identified and included. Overall, PRSS1 p.R122H mutation was significantly associated with an increased risk of CP (OR = 4.78[1.13-20.20]). Further analysis showed p.R122H mutation strongly associated with the increased risk of hereditary CP (OR = 65.52[9.09-472.48]) but not with nonhereditary CP, both alcoholic and idiopathic CP. Conclusions:Our study showing the differential role of p.R122H mutation in various etiologies of CP indicates that this complex disorder is likely influenced by multiple genetic factors as well as environmental factors

Identification of predictors for the comprehensive clinical risk and severity of coronary lesions of acute coronary syndrome

BackgroundAcute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the most common cause of death in patients with coronary artery disease. The aim of the study was to identify the predictors of both comprehensive clinical risk and severity of coronary lesions by comprehensive use of GRACE and SYNTAX scores in patients with ACS.MethodsClinical data of 225 ACS patients who underwent coronary angiography between 2015 and 2016 were collected. Multiple logistic regression analysis (stepwise) was used to identify the predictors. The predictive ability of predictors and the model were determined using receiver operating characteristics analyses.ResultsMultivariable logistic regression analyses showed that high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) predicted the comprehensive clinical risk with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 1.011 (1.002–1.021). High total cholesterol (TC) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) predicted the severity of coronary lesions with ORs and 95% CIs of 1.517 (1.148–2.004) and 1.556 (1.195–2.028), respectively. Low prealbumin predicted both severity of coronary lesions and comprehensive clinical risk of ACS patients with ORs and 95% CIs of 0.743 (0.672–0.821) and 0.836 (0.769–0.909), respectively. The model with a combination of prealbumin and AST had the highest predictive efficacy for comprehensive clinical risk, and the combination of prealbumin, TC, and RDW had the highest predictive efficacy for the severity of coronary lesions. The sensitivity and specificity, and the optimal cut-off values of these four indexes were determined.ConclusionsFour predictors for the comprehensive clinical risk and severity of coronary lesions of ACS were identified, which provided important information for the early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of ACS

Advances in the Antifungal Effects of Plant Essential Oils

Foods, agricultural by-products and medicinal plants are often contaminated by pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins. Pathogenic fungi not only lead to food deterioration, but also harm people’s health. The commonly used methods for detoxification include physical, chemical and biological methods. A large number of studies have shown that natural plant essential oils inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi and the accumulation of mycotoxins and have good biodegradability, making them a promising environmental-friendly alternative to traditional synthetic fungicides. In this review, the classification and harm of common pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins, as well as the antifungal components and mechanisms of plant essential oils are introduced, and recent progress on plant essential oils in the control of pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins is summarized. This review provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of plant essential oils

Numerical simulation of the massive scalar field evolution in the Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m black hole background

We studied the massive scalar wave propagation in the background of Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m black hole by using numerical simulations. We learned that the value $Mm$ plays an important role in determining the properties of the relaxation of the perturbation. For $Mm << 1$ the relaxation process depends only on the field parameter and does not depend on the spacetime parameters. For $Mm >> 1$, the dependence of the relaxation on the black hole parameters appears. The bigger mass of the black hole, the faster the perturbation decays. The difference of the relaxation process caused by the black hole charge $Q$ has also been exhibited.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

The Efficacy of Adalimumab as an Initial Treatment in Patients with Behçet’s Retinal Vasculitis

Background: No study has evaluated the effectiveness of Adalimumab (ADA) as first-line in treatment-naïve patients with retinal vasculitis due to Behçet’s Uveitis (BU).Objective: To compare the efficacy of ADA plus conventional therapy and conventional therapy alone as initial treatments in naïve BU patients characterized by retinal vasculitis.Methods: Medical records of BU patients characterized by retinal vasculitis treated with conventional therapy (CT, refers to glucocorticoid and immunosuppressive agents) alone or ADA plus conventional therapy with at least 6 months of follow-up between February 2015 and June 2020 were analyzed. Only patients who were first diagnosed with BU without previous systemic treatment were reviewed. The retinal vasculitis score based on fluorescein angiography (FA), best-corrected visual acuity, glucocorticoid-sparing effect, the number of relapses and ocular complications were evaluated.Results: A total of 45 patients (87 eyes) were included. Twenty-four patients (55.33%) in the CT group were treated with conventional therapy and 21 patients (46.67%) in the ADA group were treated with ADA plus conventional therapy. The inflammatory parameters improved in both groups. FA scores showed significantly greater improvement in ADA group than CT group (p &lt; 0.001). The median number of relapses was significantly lower, and the duration of remission was longer in ADA group than CT group (p &lt; 0.001). At the last visit, a significantly better BCVA improvement (p = 0.024), better inflammation control (anterior chamber inflammation p = 0.017 and vitritis p &lt; 0.001) and lower daily glucocorticoid dosage (p = 0.005) were identified in patients received ADA therapy. In CT group, 1 patient suffered hepatitis B and tuberculosis, 1 had growth retardation, 1 patient had with osteoporosis, then followed by other mild AEs (mostly respiratory upper tract infections); while in ADA group, 1 patient experienced a mild pneumonia (n = 1) while milder AEs were represented mostly by respiratory upper tract infections followed by gastrointestinal discomfort.Conclusion: ADA plus conventional therapy achieved superiority over conventional therapy as initial treatment in naïve BU patients with retinal vasculitis

Generation of integration-free neural progenitor cells from cells in human urine

Human neural stem cells hold great promise for research and therapy in neural disease. We describe the generation of integration-free and expandable human neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We combined an episomal system to deliver reprogramming factors with a chemically defined culture medium to reprogram epithelial-like cells from human urine into NPCs (hUiNPCs). These transgene-free hUiNPCs can self-renew and can differentiate into multiple functional neuronal subtypes and glial cells in vitro. Although functional in vivo analysis is still needed, we report that the cells survive and differentiate upon transplant into newborn rat brain.postprin

Alterations to the Lung Microbiome in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients

Lung microbiome ecosystem homeostasis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains uncharacterized. The aims of this study were to identify unique microbial signatures of the lung microbiome and analyze microbial gene function in IPF patients. DNA isolated from BALF samples was obtained for high-throughput gene sequencing. Microbial metagenomic data were used for principal component analysis (PCA) and analyzed at different taxonomic levels. Shotgun metagenomic data were annotated using the KEGG database and were analyzed for functional and metabolic pathways. In this study, 17 IPF patients and 38 healthy subjects (smokers and non-smokers) were recruited. For the PCA, the first and the second principal component explained 16.3 and 13.4% of the overall variability, respectively. The β diversity of microbiome was reduced in the IPF group. Signature of IPF's microbes was enriched of Streptococcus, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Anaerorhabdus. The translocation of lung microbiome was shown that 32.84% of them were from oral. After analysis of gene function, ABC transporter systems, biofilm formation, and two-component regulatory system were enriched in IPF patients' microbiome. Here we shown the microbiology characteristics in IPF patients. The microbiome may participate in altering internal conditions and involving in generating antibiotic resistance in IPF patients