Enhancing Lubrication Efficiency and Wear Resistance in Mechanical Systems through the Application of Nanofluids: A Comprehensive Review

Due to its potential to increase lubrication effectiveness and reduce wear, nanofluids have drawn substantial interest in the field of mechanical systems. Colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles dispersed across a base fluid to create nanofluids. This comprehensive study's goal is to examine recent developments, scientific discoveries, and possible applications of nanofluids in tribology. The scientific and technical characteristics of materials which move in relation to one another are the subject of the academic topic of tribology. The aim of this review paper includes a thorough investigation of phenomena like lubrication mechanism, wear and friction. Because of their unique features at the nanoscale, nanoparticles offer a special opportunity to mitigate enduring problems in tribological systems. This review critically evaluates the process utilized to create nanofluids, examines their tribological properties, and considers how they affect the effectiveness of how mechanical systems function. The higher lubrication effectiveness and wear resistance are the main points of attention. This study also investigates several methods for characterizing nanofluids to examine their behavior. The assessment also emphasizes important elements that affect the effectiveness of nanofluids, including the composition, concentration, size, and choice of nanoparticles, in addition to the choice of the base fluid. This study examines many problems and probable future endeavors within the industry, encompassing inquiries pertaining to long-term durability, and scalability. The primary objective of this review paper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current state of nanofluid research within the domain of tribology. The objective is to foster further progress and encourage the extensive adoption of nanofluids as an innovative lubricating technology

Comparative Study On Dry And Wet Sliding Friction And Wear Performance Of Commercial And Non-Commercial Brake Pad Materials

The wet friction and wear results revealed that regardless the wear rate, the highest friction coefficient was consistently exhibited by NF2 at all pressure and speeds whereas the lowest wet friction coefficient was obtained by NF1

Tribological Behaviour and Microstructure of an Aluminium Alloy-Based g-SiC Hybrid Surface Composite Produced by FSP

In this work, the microstructure and wear characteristics of a surface-reinforced composite based on an aluminium alloy with a mixture of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and silicon carbide (SiC), referred to as g-SiC, fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP), are investigated. To further improve the tribological performance, different volume fractions (0 vol%, 5 vol%, 10 vol% and 15 vol%) of g-SiC-reinforced aluminium alloy are prepared by FSP. It is concluded that the Friction Stir Processed (FSPed) AA5083/g-SiC (15 vol%) specimen has optimum reduction in average friction coefficient (61.13%) and optimum reduction in specimen weight (72.97%). In summary, such hybrid reinforcements effectively improve the mechanical and tribological properties of metals with minimal negative impact on the environment and humans, while reducing material loss and overall manufacturing costs

Effects of Modified Graphene in Vegetable Oil on Friction and Wear Reduction

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) was being surface modified through the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and oleic acid (OA) in order to achieve a better dispersion stability when being dispersed in high oleic POME. The dispersion stability and as well as the friction coefficient reduction performed by both unmodified and modified GNP under various concentrations were being studied

Tribological Properties Of Bio-Based Nano-Lubricant With Various Graphene Allotropes

Sustainable energy sources (eg: wind turbine) tends to eliminate the traditional fossil-fuel power plants and reduce the carbon emission. • Unwanted friction and wear within the wind turbine mechanisms reduce the power efficiency and bring short bearing lifespan [1]. • Petroleum-based lubricants will undergo photo-oxidation process upon being light-catalyzed and producing toxic oxy-hydrocarbon. • Graphene can be applied as a solid lubricant due to its unique self-lubricating properties [2]

Comparative Study of Tribological Properties of Modified and Non-modified Graphene-Oil Nanofluids under Heated and Non-heated Conditions

With the aim of achieving more effective friction and wear reduction in sliding bearing applications, surface-modified graphene, which exhibits better dispersion stability than non-modified graphene, was synthesized and applied in this study using various graphene allotropes, including graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and nanostructured graphite (NSG). Friction and wear tests of each type of graphene allotrope under modified and non-modified conditions were studied using a pin-on-ring tribo tester. In addition, the dynamic viscosity of each synthesized nanofluid sample was measured using a falling-ball viscometer. A series of modified graphene-oil nanofluids and non-modified graphene-oil nanofluids were prepared and heated before their friction and wear performance was investigated at room temperature. Friction and wear behavior, as well as the dynamic viscosity of the heated nanofluids vary insignificantly when compared to those of the non-heated nanofluids. The results showed that the best friction and wear reduction was achieved by modified GNP with friction and wear reduction of 60.5% and 99.4%, respectively

Role of Eco-Friendly Bio-Based Graphene-Oil Nanofluids on Friction Reduction for Wind Turbine Application

Sustainable energy such as wind turbine is known as a green technology that minimize the carbon emission into environment. However, unwanted friction and wear in journal bearing of a wind turbine's gearbox leads to reduction of power efficiency and increase the reliance onto fossil-fuel powered electricity. Lubricating oils are used in journal bearing to provide the hydrodynamic lubrication film. However, commercially available lubricants are petroleum-based, which are non-replenishable and toxic. Thus, the bio-degradable vegetable oil, high oleic palm oil-based methyl ester (high oleic POME) was used as a base oil synthesized with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and nanostructured graphite (NSG), respectively, to enhance the friction and wear reduction. The tribological performance of each type of bio-based graphene-oil nanofluid was studied using pin-on-ring tribo-tester. It is concluded that NSG in high oleic POME shows 52.03% friction coefficient reduction and 59.27% pin specimen weight loss reduction. With this significant friction and wear reduction, power efficiency of wind turbine will be improved significantly. Thus, the reliance of society depending on fossil-fuel powered electricity can be reduced and minimize the carbon emission into the environment

Effects of Modified Graphene in Vegetable Oil on Friction and Wear Reduction

A graphene allotrope is to be selected from 3 types of multilayer graphenes comprise of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), nanostructured graphite (NSG) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). Each graphene allotrope was sonicated with high oleic POME into various graphene-oil nanofluids at same concentration. Modification of graphenes via sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) - oleic acid (OA) approach was conducted as well. The dispersion stability and friction performance of modified and non-modified graphenes in high oleic POME were studied

A TRIZ-Intergrated Design of Smart Lawnmower

Background - Existing smart lawnmowers, while convenient to use, have significant limitations, such as a lack of manoeuvrability on uneven agricultural grassland (constraint 1), high charging frequency (constraint 2) and low local market penetration (constraint 3). Although the effectiveness of the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) has been demonstrated in several design studies, there also seems to be a lack of research addressing the design difficulties of smart lawnmowers using this method. Purpose – With the use of the TRIZ method, this study seeks to conceptually design an improved smart lawnmower. Tools from TRIZ were used, including cause-effect-chain analysis, technical contradictions, physical contradictions, and substance-field-modelling. The constraints were solved by inventive principles, separation strategies and standard inventive solutions. This study further carries out conceptualisation and design analysis to complete the whole design process of a smart lawnmower. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, TRIZ analysis (Step 1) is applied to each of the constraints. Step 2 to 5 is the step-by-step conceptual design process to develop a smart lawnmower with high potential to solve the identified constraints. In step 2, the proposed solutions are assessed for a few criteria. Only the selected key features are then combined with the base model of the smart lawnmower in step 3. The base model is created by benchmarking existing product with proper material selection. Once the smart lawnmower design is completed, it is illustrated by hand sketches in step 4. In the last step, the hand sketches are converted into a computer-aided drawing for FEA. Findings – The major limitation of the smart lawnmower has been addressed by increasing the motor power or torque, increasing the wheel diameter and combining it with a central pivot. The first fundamental constraint of the smart lawnmower has been addressed by a solar charging system and keeping the weight of the lawnmower as low as possible. The second fundamental constraint was solved by minimising development and maintenance costs through a modular design. Research limitations– To improve this study, further research can be conducted on relevant products, journals and patents to propose more relevant inventive solutions according to each invention principle for each of the product limitations. The methodology of this study will be further refined, especially in material selection, load simulation and structural analysis. Originality/value – It is hardly to find any related study and research about the application of TRIZfor engineering project especially for service robots. And smart lawnmower is not as famous as others sevice robots such as robot vaccum. Hence, it is worth to have this research to be carried out

A Study on Friction Stir Processing Parameters of Recycled AA 6063/TiO2 Surface Composites for Better Tribological Performance

This work aims to determine and select the suitable friction stir processing parameters for recycled aluminum alloy 6063 surface composites reinforced with titanium dioxide for better tribological performance. A medium range of processing parameters (1200–2000 rpm, 25–45 mm/min) were used to compare with a unique relatively high rotational speed of 2442 rpm and feed rate of 50 mm/min for the sample fabrication. The surface composites’ microhardness was measured and the friction and wear performance were tested using the pin-on-disc tribo-tester under starved lubrication conditions. The results show that surface composites produced at a high rotational speed of 2442 rpm and feed rate of 50 mm/min improved 45% in surface microhardness and reduced the friction coefficient and wear rate by 39% and 73%, respectively, compared to the substrate material