KONSEP TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DALAM UU KPK DAN RKUHP

Harapan besar untuk terwujudnya pencegahan dan pemberantasan korupsi sebagaimana cita-citaluhur reformasi telah melahirkan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi. Korupsi di Indonesia yang sudahdikategorikan sebagai tindak pidana luar biasa (extra ordinary crime) atau tindak pidana khusus yangtentunya mempunyai spesifikasi yang berbeda dengan tindak pidana umum.. KPK yang dibentuksecara resmi berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi PemberantasanTindak Pidana Korupsi adalah lembaga negara yang dalam melaksanakan penyelidikan, penyidikandan penuntutan tindak pidana korupsi bersifat independen dan bebas dari pengaruh kekuasaanmanapun (Pasal 3 jo. Pasal 6 Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002). Sebagai organ kenegaraan yangnamanya tidak tercantum dalam UUD Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, KPK dianggap olehsebagian pihak sebagai lembaga ekstrakonstitusional. Dengan dibentuknya KPK yang mempunyaiwewenang luar biasa, sehingga kalangan hukum menyebutnya sebagai suatu lembaga super body.Namun harapan besar pemberantasan korupsi di Indonesia nampaknya sedang melalui rintangansetelah disahkannya UU KPK pada 17 September 2019. Berbagai polemik dan poin-poin yang dianggapmelemahkan institusi anti rasuah tersebut terus diperdebatkan namun akhirnya tetap saja disahkanoleh DPR. Langkah-langkah memanjakan koruptor tersebut, semakin lengkap karena delik-delikmengenai korupsi yang masuk dalam draft RKUHP juga kembali diperdebatkan dimana hukumanminimal untuk koruptor dipangkas dari 4 tahun menjadi 2 tahun dan RKUHP juga dinilai tidakmengadopsi beberapa pengaturan khusus yang ada dalam UU Tipikor. RKUHP tidak bolehmenurunkan derajat tindak pidana luar biasa tersebut menjadi tindak pidana biasa

UPAYA KEPAILITAN SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF BURUH MENDAPAT HAKNYA

The purpose of this research is to find out alternative efforts for workers to get their rights fulfilled through bankruptcy efforts. The research mixes and matches the norms found in the legislation with the facts obtained through interviews with a practitioner in bankruptcy law as a resource person. Legal efforts through bankruptcy can be used as an alternative for workers in demanding their normative rights that are not fulfilled by the company. The requirements for a bankruptcy application that must be fulfilled by workers are that they must have at least 2 (two) creditors, and it must be proven that there are debts that are due and can be collected. However, especially for workers, it is better to go through the PPHI procedure first until a decision is issued so that the lawsuit for bankruptcy is not considered premature by the Panel of Judges of the Commercial Court.Keywords: labor; curator; bankruptcy attemptAbstrakTujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui upaya alternatif buruh untuk mendapat pemenuhan haknya melalui jalur upaya kepailitan. Penelitian memadupadankan antara norma-norma yang ditemukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dengan fakta-fakta yang diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan narasumber seorang praktisi dalam hukum kepailitan. Upaya hukum melalui kepailitan dapat dijadikan upaya alternatif bagi buruh dalam menuntut hak-hak normatifnya yang tidak dipenuhi oleh perusahaan. Syarat permohonan kepailitan yang harus dipenuhi oleh buruh adalah setidaknya harus memiliki setidaknya 2 (dua)  kreditur, dan harus dapat dibuktikan terdapat utang yang jatuh waktu dan dapat dilakukan penagihan. Namun khusus bagi buruh lebih baik harus melalui prosedur PPHI terlebih dahulu hingga dikeluarkannya putusan agar gugatan permohonan pailit tidak dianggap prematur oleh Majelis Hakim Pengadilan Niaga

Immunological responses in human papillomavirus 16 E6/E7-transgenic mice to E7 protein correlate with the presence of skin disease

The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes, E6 and E7, are believed to contribute to the development of cervical cancers in women infected with certain HPV genotypes, most notably HPV-16 and HPV-18. Given their expression in tumor tissue, E6 and E7 have been implicated as potential tumor-specific antigens. We have examined an HPV-16 E6- and E7-transgenic mouse lineage for immune responses to these viral oncoproteins. Mice in this lineage express the HPV-16 E6 and E7 genes in their skin and eyes, and on aging, these mice frequently develop squamous cell carcinomas and lenticular tumors. Young transgenic mice, which had measurable E7 protein in the eye but not in the skin, were immunologically naive to E7 protein. They mounted an immune response to E7 on immunization comparable to that of nontransgenic controls, suggesting a lack of immune tolerance to this protein. Older line 19 mice, which are susceptible to skin disease associated with transcription of the E6 and E7 open reading frames, had measurable E7 protein in their skin. These older transgenic mice spontaneously developed antibody responses to endogenous E7 protein, particularly in association with skin disease. Also detected in older mice were delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to E7. These finding parallel the humoral immune response to E7 protein in patients with HPV-associated cervical cancer and suggest that line 19 mice may provide a model for studying the immunobiology of HPV-associated cancers

PENGELOLAAN KEKAYAAN HAYATI DI KAWASAN “THE AREA” MENURUT UNCLOS 1982 [STUDI TENTANG NODUL POLIMETALIK (POLYMETALLIC NODULES)]

Beautiful and challenging seabed charms and rapid developments in technology for deep sea exploration and exploitation have occurred during the negotiations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982. The development of this technology can give us broader knowledge about wealth in the deep sea floor. Significantly known deposits on the seabed outside national jurisdiction and named the Area or "The Area" by UNCLOS, including phosphorus, aggregates, scale, sulfides, hydrates, oil, natural gas and many other substances undiscovered. In fact, due to changes in international market conditions and technical difficulties arising from the exploitation of polymetallic nodules, it is unlikely that these or other mineral resources will be commercially developed over the years. Other genetic resources related to certain marine minerals, which were discovered when UNCLOS was being negotiated, have generated great scientific and economic interest and could be the first resources of the Region to be exploited. UNCLOS has provided regulations and procedures to ensure effective protection of the protection and conservation of natural resources in the Area and prevention of damage to flora and fauna from harmful effects that may arise from activities in the Area. Also about how to cope better, scientifically, including the application of prevention criteria, threats and risks to vulnerable and threatened marine ecosystems and biodiversity in areas outside national jurisdiction. So this has led to the exploration of various potential approaches to their protection and management, using agreements and other relevant instruments based on general international law arrangements, particularly with UNCLOS 1982.Pesona dasar laut yang indah dan menantang serta perkembangan yang pesat dalam teknologi untuk eksplorasi dan eksploitasi laut dalam sudah terjadi selama perundingan Konvensi PBB tentang Hukum Laut atau UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) 1982. Atas perkembangan teknologi ini dapat memberi kita pengetahuan yang lebih luas lagi tentang kekayaan di dasar laut dalam. Endapan yang diketahui secara signifikan di dasar laut yang berada di luar yurisdiksi nasional dan di namai dengan Kawasan atau  “The Area” oleh UNCLOS,  termasuk fosfor, agregat,  kerak, sulfida, hidrat, minyak, gas bumi dan masih banyak lagi zat-zat lainnya yang belum ditemukan. Sebenarnya, karena perubahan kondisi pasar internasional dan kesulitan teknis yang timbul sehubungan dengan eksploitasi nodul polimetalik, kecil kemungkinan sumber daya mineral ini atau lainnya akan dikembangkan secara komersial selama bertahun-tahun. Sumber daya genetik lainnya yang terkait dengan mineral laut tertentu, yang ditemukan ketika UNCLOS sedang dirundingkan, telah menimbulkan minat ilmiah dan ekonomi yang besar dan dapat menjadi sumber daya pertama dari Kawasan yang akan dieksploitasi. UNCLOS sudah memberikan peraturan dan prosedur untuk memastikan perlindungan yang efektif terhadap perlindungan dan konservasi sumber daya alam di Kawasan dan pencegahan terhadap kerusakan flora dan fauna dari efek berbahaya yang mungkin timbul dari kegiatan di Kawasan tersebut. Juga tentang bagaimana mengatasi secara lebih baik, secara ilmiah, termasuk penerapan kriteria pencegahan, ancaman dan risiko terhadap ekosistem laut yang rentan dan terancam serta keanekaragaman hayati di daerah di luar yurisdiksi nasional. Maka hal ini mendorong eksplorasi berbagai pendekatan-pendekatan yang potensial untuk perlindungan dan pengelolaannya, menggunakan perjanjian dan instrumen lain yang relevan berdasarkan pengaturan hukum  internasional umum, khususnya dengan UNCLOS 1982

Grey matter volume alterations in CADASIL: a voxel-based morphometry study

CADASIL is a hereditary disease characterized by cerebral subcortical microangiopathy leading to early onset cerebral strokes and progressive severe cognitive impairment. Until now, only few studies have investigated the extent and localization of grey matter (GM) involvement. The purpose of our study was to evaluate GM volume alterations in CADASIL patients compared to healthy subjects. We also looked for correlations between global and regional white matter (WM) lesion load and GM volume alterations. 14 genetically proved CADASIL patients and 12 healthy subjects were enrolled in our study. Brain MRI (1.5 T) was acquired in all subjects. Optimized-voxel based morphometry method was applied for the comparison of brain volumes between CADASIL patients and controls. Global and lobar WM lesion loads were calculated for each patient and used as covariate-of-interest for regression analyses with SPM-8. Compared to controls, patients showed GM volume reductions in bilateral temporal lobes (p < 0.05; FDR-corrected). Regression analysis in the patient group revealed a correlation between total WM lesion load and temporal GM atrophy (p < 0.05; uncorrected), not between temporal lesion load and GM atrophy. Temporal GM volume reduction was demonstrated in CADASIL patients compared to controls; it was related to WM lesion load involving the whole brain but not to lobar and, specifically, temporal WM lesion load. Complex interactions between sub-cortical and cortical damage should be hypothesized

Diffusion of gold nanoclusters on graphite

We present a detailed molecular-dynamics study of the diffusion and coalescence of large (249-atom) gold clusters on graphite surfaces. The diffusivity of monoclusters is found to be comparable to that for single adatoms. Likewise, and even more important, cluster dimers are also found to diffuse at a rate which is comparable to that for adatoms and monoclusters. As a consequence, large islands formed by cluster aggregation are also expected to be mobile. Using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and assuming a proper scaling law for the dependence on size of the diffusivity of large clusters, we find that islands consisting of as many as 100 monoclusters should exhibit significant mobility. This result has profound implications for the morphology of cluster-assembled materials

Yukawa potentials in systems with partial periodic boundary conditions I : Ewald sums for quasi-two dimensional systems

Yukawa potentials are often used as effective potentials for systems as colloids, plasmas, etc. When the Debye screening length is large, the Yukawa potential tends to the non-screened Coulomb potential ; in this small screening limit, or Coulomb limit, the potential is long ranged. As it is well known in computer simulation, a simple truncation of the long ranged potential and the minimum image convention are insufficient to obtain accurate numerical data on systems. The Ewald method for bulk systems, i.e. with periodic boundary conditions in all three directions of the space, has already been derived for Yukawa potential [cf. Y., Rosenfeld, {\it Mol. Phys.}, \bm{88}, 1357, (1996) and G., Salin and J.-M., Caillol, {\it J. Chem. Phys.}, \bm{113}, 10459, (2000)], but for systems with partial periodic boundary conditions, the Ewald sums have only recently been obtained [M., Mazars, {\it J. Chem. Phys.}, {\bf 126}, 056101 (2007)]. In this paper, we provide a closed derivation of the Ewald sums for Yukawa potentials in systems with periodic boundary conditions in only two directions and for any value of the Debye length. A special attention is paid to the Coulomb limit and its relation with the electroneutrality of systems.Comment: 40 pages, 5 figures and 4 table