Features of the Formation of the Crystal Structure, Grain Structure, Dielectric and Thermophysical Properties of Bismuth Ferrite Doped with Erbium

The crystal structure and surface morphology of ceramics as well dielectric and thermal properties of Bi1−xErxFeO3 (where x = 0.05 − 0.20, Δх = 0.05) magnetoelectric solid solutions (SS) were investigated. The regularities of changes in phase composition, microstructure, electrical and dielectric properties of objects at room temperature are established

In vivo Stimulus-Induced Vasodilation Occurs without IP3 Receptor Activation and May Precede Astrocytic Calcium Increase

publishedVersio

vivo stimulus-induced vasodilation occurs without IP3 receptor activation and may precede astrocytic calcium increase

Calcium-dependent release of vasoactive gliotransmitters is widely assumed to trigger vasodilation associated with rapid increases in neuronal activity. Inconsistent with this hypothesis, intact stimulus-induced vasodilation was observed in inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP 3 ) type-2 receptor (R2) knock-out (KO) mice, in which the primary mechanism of astrocytic calcium increase-the release of calcium from intracellular stores following activation of an IP 3 -dependent pathway-is lacking. Further, our results in wild-type (WT) mice indicate that in vivo onset of astrocytic calcium increase in response to sensory stimulus could be considerably delayed relative to the simultaneously measured onset of arteriolar dilation. Delayed calcium increases in WT mice were observed in both astrocytic cell bodies and perivascular endfeet. Thus, astrocytes may not play a role in the initiation of blood flow response, at least not via calcium-dependent mechanisms. Moreover, an increase in astrocytic intracellular calcium was not required for normal vasodilation in the IP 3 R 2 -KO animals