IFNAR-1 mRNA levels before and after treatment with IFN-alpha in PBMC from naive HCV-infected patients.

<p>Total cellular RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed from PBMC of naive HCV-infected patients carrying different IL-28B rs12979869 genotypes CC, TT and CT before (<b>Panel A</b>) and after 3 h of exposure to 10³ IU/ml IFN-alpha (<b>Panel B</b>), then mRNA levels for IFNAR-1 were measured. Results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin (median, IQR).</p

Levels of IFNAR-1 mRNA in PBMC from the HCV-infected naïve subjects grouped according to their <i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> genotype combinations.

<p>Panel A. Group 1: <i>IFNL3</i> CC and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> favourable, <i>IFNL4</i> favourable), n = 8; Group 2: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> unfavourable and <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 10; Group 3: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/ΔG or ΔG/ΔG (<i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> unfavourable) n = 14. The results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin (median, IQR). Levels of IP10 mRNA in PBMC from the various groups after 3h of exposure to 10³ IU/ml IFN-alpha2b <i>in vitro</i>, according to their <i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> genotype combinations. Panel B. Group 1: <i>IFNL3</i> CC and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> favourable, <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 6; Group 2: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (IFNL3 unfavourable and <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 11; Group 3: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/ΔG or ΔG/ΔG (<i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> unfavourable) n = 11. The results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin, after subtraction of values from unexposed cultures (median, IQR). The range of IP10 mRNA levels in unexposed PBMC cultures was 0,375 to 0,967.</p

Levels of IFNAR-1 mRNA in PBMC from the HCV-infected naïve subjects after 3h of exposure to 10³ IU/ml IFN-alpha2b <i>in vitro</i>, according to their <i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> genotype combinations.

<p>Group 1: <i>IFNL3</i> CC and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> favourable, <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 6; Group 2: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/TT (<i>IFNL3</i> unfavourable and <i>IFNL4</i> favourable) n = 11; Group 3: <i>IFNL3</i> CT or TT and <i>IFNL4</i> TT/ΔG or ΔG/ΔG (<i>IFNL3</i> and <i>IFNL4</i> unfavourable) n = 11. The results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin, after subtraction of values from unexposed cultures (median, IQR).</p

Characteristics of 32 treatment naive HCV-infected patients included in the study.

<p>Characteristics of 32 treatment naive HCV-infected patients included in the study.</p

Levels of IFNAR-1 mRNA in PBMC from HCV-infected naїve subjects carrying <i>IFNL4</i> ss469415590 TT/TT genotype vs patients carrying the ΔG allele.

<p>Results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin. The horizontal bar indicates median.</p

Time dependent induction of IFNAR-1 mRNA levels following treatment with IFN-lambda in PBMC from healthy donors.

<p>PBMC were exposed to control medium (▪) 10 ng/mL (▪) and 100 ng/mL (□) of IFN-lambda, then mRNA levels for IFNAR-1 were measured at different time points (0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h). Results are expressed as ratio to beta-actin. Results from one representative experiment performed on PBMC from two healthy donors with IL-28B rs12979860 CC (<b>Panel A</b>) and TT (<b>Panel B</b>) genotype are shown.</p

Additional file 1: of Three cases of Zika virus imported in Italy: need for a clinical awareness and evidence-based knowledge

File name: “Three cases of Zika – CARE checklist”; Title of data: CARE checklist for Case Report; Description of data: a file describing the adherence of the manuscript to CARE checklist, with reference of page for each item. (DOC 48 kb

Dose-dependent inhibition of CCHFV replication by recombinant IFN-α, IFN-λ1 and IFN-α+IFN-λ1.

<p>A549 <b>(a)</b> and HuH7 cells <b>(b)</b> were treated for 1 day with increasing amounts of either IFN type, alone or in combination, then infected with CCHFV at MOI 0.01; infectious virus yield was measured after overnight incubation. One out of three experiments is shown. Dotted lines: IFN-α (●) or IFN-λ1 (▲) used alone; continuous line: IFN-α and IFN-λ1 (■) used in combination.</p

Combination index for IFN-α and IFN-λ1 against CCHF replication respectively in A549 and HuH-7 cells.

<p>*The Combination Index (CI) was calculated using the CompuSyn software (Chou, T.-C. and Martin, N. CompuSyn software for drug combinations and for general dose effect analysis, and user’s guide. ComboSyn, Inc. Paramus, NJ 2007. [<a href="http://www.combosyn.com" target="_blank">www.combosyn.com</a>]) which uses the method of Chou & Talalay. CI values <1, 1 and >1 indicate synergism, additive effect and antagonism, respectively.</p><p>Combination index for IFN-α and IFN-λ1 against CCHF replication respectively in A549 and HuH-7 cells.</p

EBOV RNA trends in plasma, sputum and nasopharyngeal specimens during the first 15 days of hospitalization of the second Italian Ebola patient attending the National Institute for Infectious Diseases in Roma (INMI2).

<p>Clinical specimens from the patient were collected daily (plasma and nasopharyngeal swab) and regularly throughout hospitalization (Sputum). Arrows indicate the administration of the experimental drug Mil77 (day 3 and day 6). Dotted lines represent the hypothetical trend of those samples not available for this study. Panel A: trend of total EBOV RNA (viremia), which becomes undetectable at day 9. Panel B: trends of neg-RNA and pos-RNA in plasma, which become undetectable at day 5 and 4, respectively. Panel C: trend of total virus RNA in sputum, which becomes undetectable at day 11. Panel D: trends of neg-RNA and pos-RNA in sputum, which become undetectable at day 11 and 10, respectively. Panel E: trend of total EBOV RNA in nasopharyngeal swab. In nasopharyngeal swab the total EBOV RNA reaches undetectable levels at day 13 of hospitalization. Panel F: trends of neg-RNA and pos-RNA in nasopharyngeal swab, which become undetectable at day 10 and 6, respectively. Symbols are specified in the panels.</p