2,895 research outputs found
Ignition of Deflagration and Detonation Ahead of the Flame due to Radiative Preheating of Suspended Micro Particles
We study a flame propagating in the gaseous combustible mixture with
suspended inert particles. The gas is assumed to be transparent for the
radiation emitted by the combustion products, while particles absorb and
re-emit the radiation. Thermal radiation heats the particles, which in turn
transfer the heat to the surrounding gaseous mixture by means of heat
conduction, so that the gas temperature lags that of the particles. We consider
different scenarios depending on the spatial distribution of the particles,
their size and the number density. In the case of uniform distribution of the
particles the radiation causes a modest increase of the temperature ahead of
the flame and the corresponding increase of the flame velocity. The effects of
radiation preheating is stronger for a flame with smaller normal velocity. In
the case of non-uniform distribution of the particles, such that the particles
number density is smaller just ahead of the flame and increases in the distant
region ahead of the flame, the preheating caused by the thermal radiation may
trigger additional independent source of ignition. This scenario requires the
formation of a temperature gradient with the maximum temperature sufficient for
ignition in the region of denser particles cloud ahead of the advancing flame.
Depending on the steepness of the temperature gradient formed in the unburned
mixture, either deflagration or detonation can be initiated via the Zeldovich's
gradient mechanism. The ignition and the resulting combustion regimes depend on
the temperature profile which is formed in effect of radiation absorption and
gas-dynamic expansion. In the case of coal dust flames propagating through a
layered dust cloud the effect of radiation heat transfer can result in the
propagation of combustion wave with velocity up to 1000m/s and can be a
plausible explanation of the origin of dust explosion in coal mines.Comment: 45 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication Combustion and Flame
29 June 201
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Syntax-induced pattern deafness
Perceptual systems often force systematically biased interpretations upon sensory input. These interpretations are obligatory, inaccessible to conscious control, and prevent observers from perceiving alternative percepts. Here we report a similarly impenetrable phenomenon in the domain of language, where the syntactic system prevents listeners from detecting a simple perceptual pattern. Healthy human adults listened to three-word sequences conforming to patterns readily learned even by honeybees, rats, and sleeping human neonates. Specifically, sequences either started or ended with two words from the same syntactic category (e.g., noun–noun–verb or verb–verb–noun). Although participants readily processed the categories and learned repetition patterns over nonsyntactic categories (e.g., animal–animal–clothes), they failed to learn the repetition pattern over syntactic categories, even when explicitly instructed to look for it. Further experiments revealed that participants successfully learned the repetition patterns only when they were consistent with syntactically possible structures, irrespective of whether these structures were attested in English or in other languages unknown to the participants. When the repetition patterns did not match such syntactically possible structures, participants failed to learn them. Our results suggest that when human adults hear a string of nouns and verbs, their syntactic system obligatorily attempts an interpretation (e.g., in terms of subjects, objects, and predicates). As a result, subjects fail to perceive the simpler pattern of repetitions—a form of syntax-induced pattern deafness that is reminiscent of how other perceptual systems force specific interpretations upon sensory input
Presentation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 Infection as Cholestatic Jaundice in Two Healthy Adolescents
© 2020 Elsevier Inc. Liver abnormalities in severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 infection, including hepatitis and cholestasis, have been observed in adults and are associated with worse outcomes. We describe 2 adolescents with cholestasis and hepatitis with mild presentation of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 lacking typical symptoms. Our intention is to raise index of suspicion for testing and protective equipment use
Nonlinear equation for curved stationary flames
A nonlinear equation describing curved stationary flames with arbitrary gas
expansion , subject to the
Landau-Darrieus instability, is obtained in a closed form without an assumption
of weak nonlinearity. It is proved that in the scope of the asymptotic
expansion for the new equation gives the true solution to the
problem of stationary flame propagation with the accuracy of the sixth order in
In particular, it reproduces the stationary version of the
well-known Sivashinsky equation at the second order corresponding to the
approximation of zero vorticity production. At higher orders, the new equation
describes influence of the vorticity drift behind the flame front on the front
structure. Its asymptotic expansion is carried out explicitly, and the
resulting equation is solved analytically at the third order. For arbitrary
values of the highly nonlinear regime of fast flow burning is
investigated, for which case a large flame velocity expansion of the nonlinear
equation is proposed.Comment: 29 pages 4 figures LaTe
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