Distance-Based and Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises small sensor nodes with limited energy capabilities. The power constraints of WSNs necessitate efficient energy utilization to extend the overall network lifetime of these networks. We propose a distance-based and low-energy adaptive clustering (DISCPLN) protocol to streamline the green issue of efficient energy utilization in WSNs. We also enhance our proposed protocol into the multi-hop-DISCPLN protocol to increase the lifetime of the network in terms of high throughput with minimum delay time and packet loss. We also propose the mobile-DISCPLN protocol to maintain the stability of the network. The modelling and comparison of these protocols with their corresponding benchmarks exhibit promising results

Comparison of Anti Hypertensive Effect of Fixed Dose Enalapril and Losartan in Essential Hypertension

Background: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are being extensively used these days for treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. The selection of either of the two drugs is usually based on physician preference. The purpose of the study was to compare antihypertensive effect of fixed dose Enalapril and Losartan in Essential Hypertension. Methods: In this interventional study therapeutic option of Enalapril (Group 1) ) and Losartan (Group 2) were offered to 100 newly diagnosed cases of hypertension . The patients were followed on subsequent visits (6 in total) and the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded carefully. Results: Total number of patients becoming normotensive with Enalapril was 38 (out of 50) and with Losartan were 28 (out of 50). Conclusion: Enalapril had significantly better antihypertensive effect than Losartan in essential hypertension at the end of six months therapy

Comparing the Pretreatment with Lignocaine 40 mg and Fentanyl 100 ug as an Adjuvant for Preclusion of Pain Associated with Intravenous Propofol Injection

Abstract Background: Propofol (2,6-di-isopropylphenol) is one of the most favored drugs used for induction of anesthesia. Pain on injection is a common problem. Various methods have been tried to alleviate this pain but with conflicting results. Objective: To compare effectiveness of lignocaine versus fentanyl in patients receiving propofol for general anesthesia in population of Pakistan who come to PIMS hospital in Islamabad. Materials and Methods: 120 participants of either sex, between 18 and 40 years of age, belonging to ASA physical status I and II, undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia, were randomized into two equal groups of 60 participants. They received, intravenously, either lignocaine 2 ml (20 mg/ml )or fentanyl 2 ml (50 mcg/mL) as a pretreatment before propofol injection. Results: The efficacy of lignocaine as a pretreatment drug injection was higher (96.7%) compared to fentanyl (85.0%). In the lignocaine group, 2.3% of the participants experienced pain as compared with 15% in the fentanyl group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Compared with fentanyl, lignocaine pretreatment was more effective in preventing pain on propofol injection. KEY WORDS: Comparison, Fentanyl, LIgnocaine, Propofol, Pain

Number of delayed packets for single-hop communication.

<p>Number of delayed packets for single-hop communication.</p

Number of packet drops for single-hop communication.

<p>Number of packet drops for single-hop communication.</p

DISCPLN–DEEC CH selection.

<p>DISCPLN–DEEC CH selection.</p

Performance comparison based on stability period for single-hop communication.

<p>Performance comparison based on stability period for single-hop communication.</p

Performance comparison based on packet delay for multi-hop communication.

<p>Performance comparison based on packet delay for multi-hop communication.</p

Performance comparison based on packet drop for multi-hop communication.

<p>Performance comparison based on packet drop for multi-hop communication.</p