Hepatoprotective effects of ginseng saponins in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury

Purpose: To investigate the effects of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice.Methods: Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into four groups. In control group, mice were administered sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) by intraperitoneal injection for seven days. In CCl4 treatment group, mice were treated as control group for the first seven days and then intraperitoneally injected with CCl4 in olive oil on day 8. In Rb1- and Rg1-treatment group, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with Rb1 or Rg1 (each 30 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.5 % CMC-Na), respectively for seven days, followed by intraperitoneal injection with CCl4 in olive oil on day 8. Histological damage was examined by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were assessed enzymatically. Tissue IL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured by ELISA. Gene and protein levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Smad2, and Smad3 were analyzed by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting, respectively.Results: CCl4 treatment caused histological damage in mouse liver, and increased the levels of ALT, AST (five-fold), IL-6 (three-fold), and IL-8 (five-fold), and elevated expressions of TGF-β, Smad2, and Smad3. Ginsenosides Rg1 or Rb1 pre-treatment attenuated liver injury by decreasing the serum levels of ALT (from 700 to 200 UI/L) AST (from 550 pg/mL to 250 pg/ml), IL-6 (from 1,100 to 750 pg/mL), and IL-8 (from 600 to 200 pg/mL), and inhibiting the expressions of TGF-β, Smad2, and Smad3.Conclusion: Ginsenosides (Rg1 and Rb1) attenuate CCl4-induced liver injury and inflammation by regulating TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway.Keywords: Ginseng saponin, Ginsenosides, Rg1, Rb1, Hepatoprotective effect, TGF-β/Smad signalling pathwa

C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio as a biomarker in patients with sepsis: a novel LASSO-COX based prognostic nomogram

Abstract To develop a C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR)-based nomogram for predicting the risk of in-hospital death in sepsis patients. Sepsis patients were selected from the MIMIC-IV database. Independent predictors were determined by multiple Cox analysis and then integrated to predict survival. The performance of the model was evaluated using the concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, and calibration curve. The risk stratifications analysis and subgroup analysis of the model in overall survival (OS) were assessed by Kaplan–Meier (K–M) curves. A total of 6414 sepsis patients were included. C-index of the CAR-based model was 0.917 [standard error (SE): 0.112] for the training set and 0.935 (SE: 0.010) for the validation set. The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the nomogram was 0.881 in the training set and 0.801 in the validation set. And the calibration curve showed that the nomogram performs well in both the training and validation sets. K–M curves indicated that patients with high CAR had significantly higher in-hospital mortality than those with low CAR. The CAR-based model has considerably high accuracy for predicting the OS of sepsis patients