On the framing of patent citations and academic paper citations in refl ecting knowledge linkage: A discussion of the discrepancy of their divergent value-orientations

It has been widely recognized that academic paper citations will reflect scientific knowledge linkage. Patent citations are similar to academic paper citations in many aspects: Citation frequency distribution is often skewed; citation frequency varies from one subject field to another and authors&rsquo;/inventors&rsquo;preference for citing relevant literature is usually confined to their own native language. However, regardless of these seemingly similarities, the patent citation is unique and special. It is constructed by incorporating information providers from multiple sources, such as from examiners, inventors, attorneys and/or the public. It is driven by a value-orientation for the monopolization of market production under regulations of Patent Laws. It is also practiced under the sway of an industrial culture embedded with a notion of &ldquo;creative destruction&rdquo;. In view of the contextual complexities of patent citations, simply applying the data criteria and citation behavior analysis of academic paper citations to that of patentbibliometrics for the purpose of reflecting knowledge linkage is both conceptually and technically illogical and unreasonable. This paper attempts to delve into the issue of the currently misconceived assertions and practice about &quot;transplanting&rdquo; the methodology of academic paper citations en masse indiscriminately into the practice of patent citations. It is hoped that such a study would yield improved result stemming from the practice of patent citations for reflecting knowledge linkage in the future.</p

Experimental Study on Noise Characteristic of Centrifugal Compressor Surge

The centrifugal air compressor test rig is was designed and established. The experimental study was carried out on the surge characteristics of centrifugal compressor including the pressure in the pipe and the noise characteristics under different rotation speed. The tested results showed that both the suction pressure and discharge pressure fluctuation increase under surge condition and the amplitude of discharge pressure fluctuation is significantly higher than that of suction pressure. In addition, the sound pressure level near the inlet pipe fluctuates under surge condition. The amplitude of sound pressure level fluctuation is increased with the rising of rotation speed. It is relative to the variation of discharge pressure of centrifugal compressor. The total sound pressure level under surge conditions is larger than that of steady working conditions. The change of sound pressure level reflects the changing of filed flow in centrifugal compressor. The signals of sound could be treated as a method to predict the occurring of surge. The experimental results will lay the foundation for the future research on the monitoring surge of centrifugal compressor and development of the surge control method

μ-3-Thienylmalonato-κ2 O 1:O 3-bis­[triphenyl­tin(IV)]

The title compound, [Sn2(C6H5)6(C7H4O4S)], contains two molecules with similar conformations in the asymmetric unit. In each mol­ecule, the Sn atoms adopt a distorted tetra­hedral geometry arising from three C atoms of three phenyl rings and one O atom from the bridging 3-thienylmalonato ligand. The mol­ecules lie about inversion centers with the ligands facing each other, with C⋯O distances of 3.417 (10) and 3.475 (10) Å

Di-μ-hydroxido-bis­[aqua­trichlorido­tin(IV)] diethyl ether disolvate

The title compound, [Sn2Cl6(OH)2(H2O)2]·2C4H10O, consists of a centrosymmetric molecule and two additional solvent molecules and has an infinite two-dimensional network extending parallel to (101). The Sn atom is six-coordinate with a distorted octa­hedral geometry. Additional O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding leads to stabilization of the crystal structure

Dynamic Performance of Valve in Reciprocating Compressor Used Stepless Capacity Regulation System

Capacity regulation system by controlling suction valve is useful for large scale reciprocating compressor in petrochemical engineering field. The dynamic performance of adjustment device influences the stability and accurancy of this system. In this paper, a mathematical model of adjustment device coupled with the motion of suction valve is built, and the dynamic performances of valve plate are simulated. The results show that the displacement of actuator increases with the hydraulic oil pressure until the valve plate is keeped to be opened. The closing process of valve plate is delayed when the hold time of actuator is larger enough. Although the gas flow rate and power consumption of comressor decrease with the relax angle of actuator, the power is also consumed when the gas is not discharged through the discharge valve. The closing time decreases with the reset spring stiffness but increases with the diameter of hydraulic

Experimental Research on Surge and Stability Enhancement of Centrifugal Compressor

Centrifugal compressors are wildly used in many process industries. The stability of centrifugal compressor is one of the most important performances. When the compressor operates at the small volume flow rate, the working conditions of rotating stall and surge will occur, which lead to the unstable condition for centrifugal compressor. The signals of compressor are tested and analyzed when surge condition occurs in this paper. In addition, a new method to improve the compressor stability is proposed. It is called the active control casing treatment (ACCT) system. The flow in the compressor impeller is changed by the ACCT system and the stability of compressor is improved. The experimental researches have been done in this paper. The test results of ACCT system are also discussed in this paper

catena-Poly[[(N,N-diethyl­dithio­carbamato-κ2 S:S′)phenyl­bismuth(III)]-μ-chlorido]

In the title compound, [Bi(C6H5)(C5H10NS2)Cl]n, the Bi atom is coordinated by two S atoms of the dithio­carbamate ligand, one C atom of the phenyl group and one Cl atom in a four-coordinated tetra­hedral configuration. Mol­ecules are linked by Cl atoms to form a zigzag chain extending in the c direction