An improved transmitter system to accurately measure wet-bulb temperature of air

A cost-effective measurement of wet-bulb temperature of air has great benefits to fulfill a growing demand of industry, cultivation agriculture, and medication. Applying an appropriate algorithm to wet-bulb temperature of air measurement can effectively improve the accuracy and speed of its measurement. The study aims to research how an improved transmitter system along with the latent heat–based iteration algorithm is used to precisely measure wet-bulb temperature of air. The work consists of (1) simulation of the iteration algorithm and (2) validation via experimental protocol. The simulation results through latent heat–based iteration algorithm were in good agreement (R2 5 0.99) with the reference. The performance of the improved wet-bulb temperature of air transmitter system was tested by a latent heat–based iteration algorithm experimental setup. The experimental results demonstrate that the improved wet-bulb temperature of air in a good consistency with commercial wet-bulb temperature of air in a range of temperature (15C–34C) and relative humidity (28.8%–76.2%). The Bland–Altman plot also shows that the mean value and the standard deviation of the differences between these two systems are 0.14C and 0.29C, respectively, which indicates that the improved wet-bulb temperature of air has a good agreement as well. Compared with the commercial wet-bulb temperature of air transmitter system, an advanced processor (STM32F103C8T6) and real-time operating system was applied in the improved wetbulb temperature of air transmitter system. The experimental results show that its measurement accuracy is closer to the previous study. This study provides an alternative and cost-effective solution to accurately and real-time measure wet-bulb temperature of ai

Research on Key Parameters Operation Range of Central Air Conditioning Based on Binary K-Means and Apriori Algorithm

As the energy-saving control of central air conditioning has been widely applied in modern architecture, research of real-time optimal control based on historical data and identification of its optimal control strategies are of great importance for reducing energy wasting of buildings. However, due to the property of easily falling into local optimum, conventional k-means approach cannot achieve the goal of real-time optimal control, we therefore propose an innovative binary k-means clustering algorithm which is used to adjust the target value of temperature difference (TD) in the control system of chilled water and cooling water of central air conditioning system (CACS). Thanks to the clustering control, among the 304 test data, the coefficient of performance (COP) of 211 sets of data, which accounted for 69.41%, are higher than those of the traditional control method. In the simulation system, the COP of 191 sets of data, which accounted for 62.83%, are higher than those of traditional control methods, achieving better energy efficiency. To achieve the goal of identify potential energy-saving control strategies, the Apriori algorithm is proposed to correlate the key parameters and energy consumption efficiency of the CACS. The results show when the chilled water temperature difference (CWTD) > 2.0 °C and the cooling water temperature difference (COWTD) > 2.4 °C, some rules are discovered as follows: 1. The probability of a larger system COP will increase if the CWTD is set lower than the third quartile value or the COWTD is set lower than the first quartile value. 2. The probability of a larger system COP will also increase if the CTWD is set lower than the first quartile and the COWTD is set between the first and the third quartile. These underlying regularity is useful for technicians to adjust the control parameters of the equipment, to improve energy efficiency and to reduce energy consumption

Estimation of Grain Size in Randomly Packed Granular Material Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Grain size is one of the most important physical parameters for randomly packed granular (RPG) materials. Its estimation, especially in situ, plays a key role in many natural and industrial processes. Here, the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was investigated experimentally to estimate the grain size in RPG materials. The experiment was performed by taking sieved copper microspheres with discrete median diameters ranging from 53 to 357 μm as examples and by measuring the plasma emissions induced by 1064 nm laser pulses with a duration of 7 ns in an air environment. It was found that the plasma emission measurements were successful in estimating the grain median diameter via monitoring the variations in plasma temperature (electron density) at the range of median diameter below (above) a critical value. In addition, it was demonstrated that, when plasma temperature serves as an indicator of grain size, the intensity ratio between two spectral lines from different upper energy levels of the same emitting species can be used as an alternative indicator with higher sensitivity. The results show the potential of using LIBS for in situ estimation of grain size in RPG materials for the first time

Estimation of Grain Size in Randomly Packed Granular Material Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Grain size is one of the most important physical parameters for randomly packed granular (RPG) materials. Its estimation, especially in situ, plays a key role in many natural and industrial processes. Here, the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was investigated experimentally to estimate the grain size in RPG materials. The experiment was performed by taking sieved copper microspheres with discrete median diameters ranging from 53 to 357 μm as examples and by measuring the plasma emissions induced by 1064 nm laser pulses with a duration of 7 ns in an air environment. It was found that the plasma emission measurements were successful in estimating the grain median diameter via monitoring the variations in plasma temperature (electron density) at the range of median diameter below (above) a critical value. In addition, it was demonstrated that, when plasma temperature serves as an indicator of grain size, the intensity ratio between two spectral lines from different upper energy levels of the same emitting species can be used as an alternative indicator with higher sensitivity. The results show the potential of using LIBS for in situ estimation of grain size in RPG materials for the first time

MOF influences meiotic expansion of H2AX phosphorylation and spermatogenesis in mice.

Three waves of H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) have been observed in male meiotic prophase I: the first is ATM-dependent and occurs at leptonema, while the second and third are ATR-dependent, occuring at zygonema and pachynema, respectively. The third wave of H2AX phosphorylation marks and silences unsynapsed chromosomes. Little is known about H2AX phosphorylation expands to chromatin-wide regions in spermatocytes. Here, we report that histone acetyltransferase (HAT) MOF is involved in all three waves of H2AX phosphorylation expansion. Germ cell-specific deletion of Mof in spermatocytes by Stra8-Cre (Mof cKO) caused global loss of H4K16ac. In leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes of cKO mice, the γH2AX signals were observed only along the chromosomal axes, and chromatin-wide H2AX phosphorylation was lost. In almost 40% of early-mid pachytene spermatocytes from Mof cKO mice, γH2AX and MDC1 were detected along the unsynapsed axes of the sex chromosomes, but failed to expand, which consequently caused meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) failure. Furthermore, though RAD51 was proficiently recruited to double-strand break (DSB) sites, defects in DSB repair and crossover formation were observed in Mof cKO spermatocytes, indicating that MOF facilitates meiotic DSB repair after RAD51 recruitment. We propose that MOF regulates male meiosis and is involved in the expansion of all three waves of H2AX phosphorylation from the leptotene to pachytene stages, initiated by ATM and ATR, respectively

RAD51 foci persist in <i>Mof</i> deleted pachytene and diplotene spermatocytes.

<p>Immunofluorescence staining for SYCP3 (red), RAD51 (green) and H1T (blue) in control and <i>Mof</i> cKO spermatocytes at early pachynema (A), late pachynema (C) and diplonema (E). Scale bars, 10 μm. The mean number of RAD51 foci per cell in control and <i>Mof</i> cKO early pachytene (B), mid-late pachytene (D) and diplotene spermatocytes (F). Data are presented as mean ± SD. n, the number of analyzed spermatocytes from 3 mice. ** <i>P</i><0.01, Mann-Whitney test.</p

MSCI is disturbed in <i>Mof</i> cKO mice.

<p>A. Immunofluorescence with SYCP3 (red) and H3K4me3 (green) antibodies in control and <i>Mof</i> cKO spermatocytes. Arrows indicate the sex chromosomes. Scale bars, 10 μm. B. The ratio of early-mid pachytene cells with negative (normal) or positive (abnormal) H3K4me3 staining around sex chromosomes from control and <i>Mof</i> cKO mice. n, the number of analyzed spermatocytes from 3 mice. C. Immunofluorescence with SYCP3 (red) and ATRX (green) antibodies in control and <i>Mof</i> cKO spermatocytes. Scale bars, 10 μm. D. The ratio of early-mid pachytene cells with (abnormal) or without (abnormal) ATRX staining from control and <i>Mof</i> cKO mice. n, the number of analyzed spermatocytes from 3 mice. E. Relative levels of X- or Y-linked genes in control and <i>Mof</i> cKO pachytene spermatocytes. The gene levels (normalized to <i>Actb</i> expressed in the same sample, with values in control spermatocytes designated as 1), were determined by Real-time PCR to assess MSCI. <i>Dazl</i> and <i>Setx</i> are located on autosomes. <i>Atrx</i>, <i>Usp26</i> and <i>Tktl1</i> are X-linked, and <i>Rbmy</i> and <i>Ube1y</i> are Y-linked genes. Data are expressed as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. * <i>P</i><0.05, ** <i>P</i><0.01, Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p

<i>Mof</i> deletion disturbs all three waves of chromatin-wide expansion of H2AX phosphorylation during meiosis.

<p>Immunofluorescence staining for SYCP3 (red) and γH2AX (green) in control and <i>Mof</i> cKO spermatocytes. (A) Leptonema, (B) Zygonema, (C) Pachynema and (D) Diplonema. Scale bars, 10 μm.</p

<i>Mof</i> is highly expressed in mouse testes and germ cells.

<p>A. <i>Mof</i> expression in different mouse tissues was detected by Real-time PCR (normalized to <i>Actb</i> expressed in the same sample and the value from spleen was set as 1). Data are expressed as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. B. <i>Mof</i> expression was detected in testes at indicated ages by Real-time PCR (normalized to <i>Actb</i> expressed in the same sample). Data are expressed as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. C. <i>Mof</i> expression in isolated spermatocytes, round spermatids and Sertoli cells was detected by Real-time PCR (normalized to <i>Actb</i> expressed in the same sample and the value from Sertoli cells was set as 1). L/Z, leptotene/zygotene cell; P/D, pachytene/diplotene cell; RS, round spermatid. Data are expressed as mean ± SD from three independent experiments.</p