Results of demographic parameters of mtDNA data.

<p>Including number of populations, <i>h</i>, <i>π</i>, Fu's <i>Fs</i>, Tajima's <i>D</i> (<i>P</i>-values given where applicable).</p><p>n, number of samples; n_H, number of haplotypes. Fu's <i>Fs</i> test cannot be computed in JMK which contained only one allele in samples.</p

The binding pattern between HBII-52 and 5-HT_2CR mRNA in mammals.

<p>(A) Left panels indicate the length distribution of perfect base-pairing between HBII-52 and 5-HT_2CR mRNA. Right panels indicate the distance of base-pairing from the D box motif. Analyses of primates, rodents and other mammals are indicated with different colors. In primates and rodents, the length of the base-pairing was centered approximately 18 nt and started just upstream of the D box. In other species, the length of the base-pairing ranged from 9–14 nt and started several nucleotides away from the D box. (B) The best base complementarity between the antisense element of the human, elephant or horse HBII-52 snoRNA and the corresponding 5-HT_2CR receptor. Nucleotides in red indicate the A to I editing sites (A to E); nucleotides in orange indicate proximal splice site. Box, D box. Red crosses indicate mismatch within the RNA duplex.</p

Genetic divergence of snoRNA genes and their flanking sequences in primates for both imprinted and non-imprinted snoRNAs.

<p>Species abbreviation: HS, humans; PT, chimpanzees; RM, rhesus. Standard deviations are shown in parentheses.</p

Map of six <i>R. sibiricus</i> populations in China and the MJ network analysis of mtDNA.

<p>These populations are located at Tian Shan (Biezhentao Range) and Junggarian Alatau, and their characteristics are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033378#pone-0033378-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. The dark and white areas on the map indicate low altitude and ice-covered mountaintops, respectively. The top right corner shows the MJ network analysis of the relationships between the three haplotypes of mtDNA. The circled area is proportional to the haplotype frequency and each color represents a population (bottom right corner).</p

Birth rates of new genes among PWS-related imprinted and non-imprinted snoRNAs.

<p>Ratios of gene birth rate between imprinted and non-imprinted snoRNAs: human: 80.37; mouse: 127.91.</p

Evolutionary divergence of PWS-related imprinted vs. non-imprinted snoRNA gene families between the human and other mammals.

<p>(A) The evolutionary divergence of HBII-52, HBII-85, non-imprinted guide and orphan snoRNA genes between human and other species. <i>K</i> denotes the number of substitutions per site. (B) Relative sequence substitution rate between imprinted and non-imprinted snoRNA genes of eutherian mammals.</p

Statistics of imprinted snoRNA genes in the PWS locus of mammalians.

<p>Statistics of imprinted snoRNA genes in the PWS locus of mammalians.</p

Tajima’s <i>D</i> test of Euarchontoglires imprinted snoRNA gene family.

<p>Species abbreviation: HS, humans; PT, chimpanzees; RM, rhesus; MM, mice; RN, rats. The significant (<i>P</i><0.05) test results were labeled bold.</p

For each locus of polymorphic microsatellites, the number of individuals (n) genotyped for each population, expected level of heterozygosity (<i>H</i>_E), observed level of heterozygosity (<i>H</i>_O) and <i>F</i>_IS, <i>F</i>_ST –value.

<p>Allelic data and genetic variation were derived from 100 specimens of <i>R. sibiricus</i> from five populations in China. There were no missing genotyped individual in those populations.</p

Three putative scenarios explored with ABC method.

<p>In all scenarios, the time is not to scale. See the text and supplementary materials (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033378#pone.0033378.s001" target="_blank">Text S1</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033378#pone.0033378.s004" target="_blank">Tables S2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033378#pone.0033378.s006" target="_blank">S4</a>) for details.</p