23 research outputs found
Serial Metabolome Changes in a Prospective Cohort of Subjects with Influenza Viral Infection and Comparison with Dengue Fever
Influenza
virus infection (IVI) and dengue virus infection (DVI)
are major public health threats. Between IVI and DVI, clinical symptoms
can be overlapping yet infection-specific, but host metabolome changes
are not well-described. Untargeted metabolomics and targeted oxylipinomic
analyses were performed on sera serially collected at three phases
of infection from a prospective cohort study of adult subjects with
either H3N2 influenza infection or dengue fever. Untargeted metabolomics
identified 26 differential metabolites, and major perturbed pathways
included purine metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and β-oxidation,
tryptophan metabolism, phospholipid catabolism, and steroid hormone
pathway. Alterations in eight oxylipins were associated with the early
symptomatic phase of H3N2 flu infection, were mostly arachidonic acid-derived,
and were enriched in the lipoxygenase pathway. There was significant
overlap in metabolome profiles in both infections. However, differences
specific to IVI and DVI were observed. DVI specifically attenuated
metabolites including serotonin, bile acids and biliverdin. Additionally,
metabolome changes were more persistent in IVI in which metabolites
such as hypoxanthine, inosine, and xanthine of the purine metabolism
pathway remained significantly elevated at 21–27 days after
fever onset. This study revealed the dynamic metabolome changes in
IVI subjects and provided biochemical insights on host physiological
similarities and differences between IVI and DVI
Stabilization of ssRNA on Graphene Oxide Surface: An Effective Way to Design Highly Robust RNA Probes
RNA probes constitute an important class of functional
nucleic
acids (FNAs). However, because of their notorious vulnerability to
enzymatic degradation, extremely careful and special protocols must
be followed when dealing with RNA probes. To fully use the large number
of RNA FNAs available for bioanalysis and biomedicine, it is important
to explore effective methods to protect RNA probes from enzymatic
digestion. In this work, we systematically demonstrate that graphene
oxide (GO) can effectively protect RNA probes from enzymatic digestion.
Based on this finding, we propose an effective way to design robust
RNA biosensors by simply mixing RNA probes with GO for analysis of
nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules. The entire assay is
sensitive, selective, rapid, and more importantly, does not require
any special protocols. The ability to protect ssRNA from enzymatic
digestion by GO offers an exciting new way to stabilize ssRNA, which
will not only provide new opportunities to utilize the large number
of currently available, yet rarely explored, RNA FNAs for bioanalysis
but also offer a new solution to protect important ssRNA molecules,
such as microRNA and antisense ssRNA, for a great variety of biomedical
applications
One-Step Synthesis of Fluorescent Boron Nitride Quantum Dots via a Hydrothermal Strategy Using Melamine as Nitrogen Source for the Detection of Ferric Ions
A facile and effective
approach for the preparation of functionalized
born nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) with blue fluorescence was explored
by the hydrothermal treatment of the mixture of boric acid and melamine
at 200 °C for 15 h. The as-prepared BNQDs were characterized
by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, atomic
force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis
spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The single layered BNQDs
with the average size of 3 nm showed a blue light emission under the
illumination of the UV light. The BNQDs could be easily dispersed
in an aqueous medium and applied as fluorescent probes for selective
detection of Fe<sup>3+</sup> with remarkable selectivity and sensitivity
(the lowest detection limit was 0.3 μM). The fluorescence fiber
imaging demonstrated that the as-prepared quantum dots could be used
as a valuable fluorchrome. Therefore, the BNQDs could be envisioned
for potential applications in many fields such as biocompatible staining,
fluorescent probes, and biological labeling
Biostable L‑DNAzyme for Sensing of Metal Ions in Biological Systems
DNAzymes, an important type of metal
ion-dependent functional nucleic
acid, are widely applied in bioanalysis and biomedicine. However,
the use of DNAzymes in practical applications has been impeded by
the intrinsic drawbacks of natural nucleic acids, such as interferences
from nuclease digestion and protein binding, as well as undesired
intermolecular interactions with other nucleic acids. On the basis
of reciprocal chiral substrate specificity, the enantiomer of D-DNAzyme,
L-DNAzyme, could initiate catalytic cleavage activity with the same
achiral metal ion as a cofactor. Meanwhile, by using the advantage
of nonbiological L-DNAzyme, which is not subject to the interferences
of biological matrixes, as recognition units, a facile and stable
L-DNAzyme sensor was proposed for sensing metal ions in complex biological
samples and live cells
Using Molecular Level Modification To Tune the Conductivity of Graphene Papers
Graphene's excellent electrical conductivity benefits
from its
highly conjugated structure. Therefore, the manipulation of graphene's
electronic and mechanical properties should be realized by controlled
destruction of its in-sheet conjugation. Here, we report the manipulation
of the conductivity of graphene papers, at the molecular level, via
either covalent bonding or π–π stacking interactions
using either monofunctional or bifunctional molecules. The graphene
papers can be tailored with controllable conductivity from around
100 to below 0.001 S/cm. The controlled destruction of the in-sheet
graphene conjugation system using monoaryl diazonium salts (MDS) resulted
in a tunable decrease in the graphene paper conductivity. However,
when the graphene was modified with bifunctional aryl diazonium salts
(BDS), a more subtle decrease in conductivity of the graphene papers
was observed. It is suggested that the modification of the graphene
with the bifunctional BDS linker showed more subtle changes in conductivity
because of the between-sheet electron communication, thus boosting
the collective graphene paper conductivity. Consequently, a bipyrene
terminal molecular wire (BPMW) was also synthesized and used to modify
the graphene sheets via π–π stacking interactions.
The BPMW afforded graphene papers with better electrical conductivity
than those modified with either MDS or BDS molecules
Comparative Analysis of Four Oxidized Guanine Lesions from Reactions of DNA with Peroxynitrite, Singlet Oxygen, and γ‑Radiation
Oxidative damage to DNA has many origins, including irradiation,
inflammation, and oxidative stress, but the chemistries are not the
same. The most oxidizable base in DNA is 2-deoxyguanosine (dG), and
the primary oxidation products are 8-oxodG and 2-amino-imidazolone.
The latter rapidly converts to 2,2-diamino-oxazolone (Ox), and 8-oxodG
is further oxidized to spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) and guanidinohydantoin
(Gh). In this study, we have examined the dose–response relationship
for the formation of the above four products arising in calf thymus
DNA exposed to gamma irradiation, photoactivated rose bengal, and
two sources of peroxynitrite. In order to carry out these experiments,
we developed a chromatographic system and synthesized isotopomeric
internal standards to enable accurate and precise analysis based upon
selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. 8-OxodG was the most
abundant products in all cases, but its accumulation was highly dependent
on the nature of the oxidizing agent and the subsequent conversion
to Sp and Gh. Among the other oxidation products, Ox was the most
abundant, and Sp was formed in significantly greater yield than Gh
Serum metabolome changes in adult patients with severe dengue in the critical and recovery phases of dengue infection
<div><p>Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent arbovirus leading to an estimated 100 million symptomatic dengue infections every year. DENV can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild dengue fever (DF) to more life threatening forms such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The clinical symptoms of DHF become evident typically at the critical phase of infection (5–7 days after onset of fever), yet the mechanisms that trigger transition from DF to DHF are not well understood. We performed a mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling of sera from adult DF and DHF patients at the critical and recovery phases of infection. There were 29 differentially expressed metabolites identified between DF and DHF at the critical phase. These include bile acids, purines, acylcarnitines, phospholipids, and amino acids. Bile acids were observed up to 5 fold higher levels among DHF compared to DF patients and were significantly correlated to the higher levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), suggestive of liver injury among DHF. Uric acid, the most abundant antioxidant in the blood, was observed to be 1.5 fold lower among DHF compared to DF patients. This could result in decreased capacity of endogenous antioxidant defense and elevated oxidative stress among DHF patients. In the recovery phase, the levels of eight metabolites were still significantly higher or lower among DHF patients, including chenodeoxyglycocholic acid, one of the bile acids observed at the critical phase. This indicates potential prolonged adverse impact on the liver due to DENV infection in DHF patients. Our study identified altered metabolic pathways linked to DHF in the critical and recovery phases of dengue infection and provided insights into the different host and DENV interactions between DF and DHF. The results advance our understanding on the mechanisms of DHF pathogenesis, alluding to possible novel therapeutic targets to dengue management.</p></div
Box plots of representative differentially expressed metabolites between dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) patients during critical phase.
<p><b>A.</b> Chenodeoxyglycocholic acid <b>B.</b> Glycocholic acid <b>C.</b> Glycoursodeoxycholic acid <b>D.</b> Uric acid <b>E.</b> Hypoxanthine <b>F.</b> Uridine <b>G.</b> 3-Hydroxyoctanoyl carnitine <b>H.</b> 2-Octenoylcarnitine <b>I.</b> L-phenylalanine. Horizontal lines represent median value. * <i>p</i><0.05, ** <i>p</i><0.01, *** <i>p</i><0.001, by Mann-Whitney test. The statistical comparison was with DF levels.</p
Pearson correlation analysis reveals correlation of bile acids with aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in the critical phase of infection.
<p>Pearson correlation analysis reveals correlation of bile acids with aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in the critical phase of infection.</p
Identified differentially expressed metabolites between DF and DHF patients in the recovery phase of dengue infection.
<p>Identified differentially expressed metabolites between DF and DHF patients in the recovery phase of dengue infection.</p