Improvement of phytase biosynthesis by new bacterial isolate, pediococcus pentosaceus c4/1a via continuous cultivation

Phytase producer was selected from five different lactic acid bacteria isolates obtained from the animal faeces sources from laboratory culture collection. From the five isolates, C4/1A showed the highest phytase activity (21.25 U/mL) as compared to others and was identified as PediococcuspentosaceusC4/1A by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Optimization of medium formulation and culture conditions was conducted by a conventional method (one-factor-at-one-time) using response surface methodology(RSM). Effects of four parameters were studied on the bacterial growth, reducing sugar and phytase productions. The phytase biosynthesis increased from 21.2 U/mL to 42.3 U/mL using the optimized medium formulation and culture conditions. The RSM suggested that yeast extract, glucose, sodium phytate and inoculum size significantly improved by 99.2% production of phytase. Continuous cultivation was carried out at dilution rate ranging from 0.1 h-1 to 0.4 h-1 and the steady-state of P. pentosaceusC4/1A was achieved after five generations and three residence times. The cultivation was carried out for 48 h and the highest productivity of phytase and cell concentration was obtained at dilution rate 0.3 h-1 which resulted in 8.65 U/mL/h and 0.894 g/L/h, respectively. Throughout the cultivation process, production of phytase was improved by 89.3% from shake-flask experiment to 2L bioreactor

Energy requirement for maintenance of growing and adult male lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) in captivity.

A study was conducted to determine the energy requirement for maintenance of eight lesser mouse deer, consisting of four growing males (6–8 months of age) with average body weight of 1.4 ± 0.2 kg and four adult males (>2 years of age) with average body weight of 1.6 ± 0.2 kg. The animals were from the colony reared at the Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The experiment was based on a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in Latin-Square design. The animals were kept in single pens and fed with different levels of feed (70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of ad libitum intake). The feed was made up of 95% pellet and 5% ‘kangkong’ (Ipomoea aquatica) leaves. The energy requirement for maintenance was determined by using the regression equations between metabolisable energy intake and energy retention or body weight change. Energy retention was calculated as the difference between metabolisable energy intake and heat production. The results showed that the metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance when calculated based on energy retention were 420.1 and 422.9 kJ kg−0.75 d−1 for growing and adult mouse deer, respectively, and when calculated based on weight change the values were 435.1 and 436.9 kJ kg−0.75 d−1, respectively. The efficiency of utilization of metabolisable energy for maintenance (km) for growing mouse deer was 0.58 and that for adult mouse deer was 0.54

Effect of varying dietary zinc levels and environmental temperature on the growth performance, feathering score and feather mineral concentration in commercial broilers

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary zinc (Zn), environmental temperatures and Zn× temperature interaction on growth, feathering score and mineral composition of broilers. A total of 256 d-old Avian male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to a 4×2 factorial arrangement with four corn-soybean meal basal diets (containing 44 mg Zn/kg) supplemented with 0, 40, 60 mg/kg Zn (Diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively; 0.8% Ca for these three diets) and non-Zn supplementation, 1.6% Ca (Diet 4)and two temperature conditions (low: 26, 24, 22°C vs. high: 30, 28, 26°C). All birds were given feathering coverage scores for back, breast, wing, under-wing and tail. The wing and tail were further evaluated for the occurrence and severity of defect feathers. Feathers were then pooled for mineral composition analysis. The results showed that in high temp erature conditions, broilers fed Zn-unsupplemented, 0.8% Ca ration (Diet 1) had significantly(p<0.05) lower ADFI and ADG (wk 1-6) than birds under low temperature conditions. However, when the birds were fed 40 and 60 mg/kg Zn supplementation (Diets 2 and 3), the ADFI and ADG in both temperature conditions were not significantly different. In low temperature conditions, the ADFI, ADG (p<0.05), all feather coverage (p<0.01) and tail defect scores (p<0.001) of birds fed Diet 4 (excess Ca) were significantly poorer than those fed Diet 1. More Ca (p<0.05) was retained in the feathers of broilers fed Diet 4 under high temperature conditions. Broilers fed the Zn-unsupplemented ration (D iet 1) had significantly higher feather phosphorus (p<0. 01) and potassium (p<0.05) concentrations than those fed the 60 mg/kg Zn-supplemented ration (Diet 3). A reduction of feather phosphorus (p<0.01) and potassium (p<0.05) and higher manganese (p<0.05) concentrations were observed in Diet 4 broilers as compared to those fed Diet 1.Under high temperature conditions, broilers had lower iron (p<0.05) and higher manganese (p<0.05) concentrations in feathers. Broilers kept in high temperature conditions had a higher Zn requirement and 40 mg/kg Zn supplementation was sufficient for the birds to achieve optimum growth. Suppl emental Zn ameliorated the adverse effect of high temperature on growth and occurrence of tail feather defects. Excess Ca disrupted Zn metabolism to exert a detrimental effect on growth performance and normal feathering and this was elucidated in the birds kept in low temperature conditions

A comparison between a yeast cell wall extract (Bio-Mos®) and palm kernel expeller as mannan-oligosacaharides sources on the performance and ileal microbial population of broiler chickens

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of a yeast cell wall extract (Bio- Mos) and palm kernel expeller (PKE) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and ileal bacteria population of broiler chickens. A total of 60 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were fed one of the 3 isonitrogenous and isocaloric diet including a control diet, or a control diet supplemented with 2 g/kg Bio-Mos (1-42 d), and for the third group, the control diet at 1-28 d following a diet containing 200 g/kg of an enzymatically-treated PKE at 29-42 d. The weight gains of birds fed the PKE containing diet (96.17 g/d) were less than other groups (109.10 and 104.42 g/d for the Bio-Mos and control diet, respectively) (P0.05), but the birds fed PKE or Bio-Mos containing diets had a lower population of Escherichia coli than the control group (P<0.05). The results showed that PKE potentially has a prebiotic property for chicken; however, a 200 g/kg dietary inclusion rate of PKE is not commercially recommendable because of its negative effects on the nutrients digestibility

Extrusion enhances metabolizable energy and ileal amino acids digestibility of canola meal for broiler chickens

The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of extrusion process on apparent metabolizable energy (AME), crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibility of canola meal (CM) in broiler chickens. A total of 36, 42-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into adaptation diets (no CM or 30% CM) with six replicates. After 4 days of adaptation period, on day 47, birds were allowed to consume the assay diets that contain CM or extruded canola meal (ECM) as the sole source of energy and protein. Following 4 h after feeding, the birds were killed and ileal contents were collected. The results showed that ECM had greater (P<0.001) AME (10.87 vs 9.39 MJ/kg) compared to CM. The extrusion also significantly enhanced apparent ileal digestibility of CP and some of AA such as Asp, Glu, Ser, Thr and Trp. In conclusion, the extrusion treatment appeared to be a practical and effective approach in enhancing the digestibility of AME, CP and some AA of CM in broiler chickens

Renal and salivary excretions of plasma purine derivatives in swamp buffaloes and zebu cattle

This study compared the recovery rate of intrajugular-administered allantoin in the urine and saliva between swamp buffaloes and zebu cattle to examine whether it could explain the lower excretion rate of urinary purine derivatives (PD) in the buffaloes. Three male swamp buffalo yearlings, with an average body weight of 349±40.35 kg, and three Thai native cattle (154±3.26 kg) of similar age and sex were used in the study. Animals were kept in individual pens and fed at a maintenance energy level with a diet containing 65% monk bean husk (Vigna radiata) as roughage and 35% concentrates. Allantoin solution was infused into the jugular vein in four incremental rates equivalent to 0, 5, 10 and 15 mmol/d and urine was collected daily in acidified form. Daily PD excretion was linearly correlated with intrajugular allantoin infusion in both species. The relationship between daily urinary PD excretion (Y, mmol/d) and intrajugular allantoin infused (X, mmol/d) was Y = 0.75±0.318X+22.45±2.98 (r2 = 0.36, n = 12, MSE = 38.02, CV = 21.9, p<0.01) for swamp buffaloes and Y = 0.96±0.10X+15. 93±0.92 (r2 = 0.91, n = 12, MSE = 3.60, CV = 8.27, p<0.01) for zebu cattle. The salivary PD concentration was not correlated with intrajugular allantoin infusion in both species, with values for buffaloes numerically lower than those for cattle. The present study reconfirmed previous studies that buffaloes have a lower plasma PD excretion rate via the renal route and a significant proportion (22%) of the plasma PD loss is via the saliva. However, results of our present and previous studies suggest that differences in purine base (PB) metabolism between buffaloes and zebu cattle occur before the purine compounds reach the plasma pool

Evaluation of mulberry (Morus alba) as potential feed supplement for ruminants: the effect of plant maturity on in situ disappearance and in vitro intestinal digestibility of plant fractions

The in situ nylon bag degradation and in vitro intestinal digestibility of dry matter (DM), and crude protein (CP) of mulberry (Morus alba) plant fractions was studied at four harvest stages, 3 (W3), 5 (W5), 7 (W7) and 9 (W9) weeks. Degradability of DM and CP of the whole plant and stem fractions declined significantly (pW5 and W7>W9 and W3>W5>W7>W9, respectively. The degradation of DM and CP of the leaf fraction was also influenced by plant maturity but no trend was observed. The degradation of DM and CP of the whole plant and leaves increased rapidly during the first 48 and 24 h of incubation, respectively, when maximum degradation was reached. In vitro intestinal digestibility of CP was more influenced by the residence time in the rumen than by plant maturity. This study showed that mulberry is suitable as a supplement, particularly to low-quality roughages, in providing a source of rapidly available nitrogen to the rumen microbes, hence improving the roughage degradability and intake