3-(3-Chloro­phen­yl)-N-phenyl­oxirane-2-carboxamide

There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C15H12ClN2O2. In each mol­ecule, the two benzene rings adopt a cis configuration with respect to the ep­oxy ring. The dihedral angles between the ep­oxy ring and chloro­phenyl rings are essentially identical in the two mol­ecules [62.50 (9) and 62.67 (9)°]. Inter­molecualar N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure

3-(3-Bromo­phen­yl)-N-phenyl­oxirane-2-carboxamide

There are two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C15H12BrNO2. In both mol­ecules, the two benzene rings adopt a cis configuration with respect to the ep­oxy ring. In one mol­ecule, the ep­oxy ring makes dihedral angles of 60.5 (2) and 77.92 (19)° with the two benzene rings; in the other mol­ecule, the values are 61.0 (2) and 81.43 (19)°. Inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure

(2R,3R)-3-(2-Chloro­phen­yl)-N-phenyl­oxirane-2-carboxamide

In the title compound, C15H12ClNO2, the two benzene rings adopt a syn configuration with respect to the ep­oxy ring; the dihedral angles between the ep­oxy ring and the two benzene rings are 59.71 (16) and 67.58 (15)°. There is a weak intra­molecular N—H⋯O bond, which may help to establish the conformation. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked into a chain parallel to the b axis through inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

2-(7-Methyl-3-oxo-1-phenyl­perhydro­naphthalen-4a-yl)malononitrile

In the title compound, C20H22N2O, both cyclo­hexane rings adopt chair conformations. Weak C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure

(E)-2-(1,3-Diphenyl­allyl­idene)malononitrile

The title compound, C18H12N2, adopts an E conformation with the benzyl­idenemalononitrile and phenyl groups located on opposite sides of the C=C bond. The two phenyl rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 62.49 (7)°

(E)-N-Benzyl-2-cyano-3-phenyl­acryl­amide

In the title compound, C17H14N2O, the N-benzyl­formamide and phenyl groups are located on the opposite sides of the C=C bond, showing an E configuration; the terminal phenyl rings are twisted to each other at a dihedral angle of 63.61 (7)°. Inter­molecular classical N—H⋯N and weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur in the crystal structure

2-[(E)-1-(4-Meth­oxy­phen­yl)pent-1-en-3-yl­idene]malononitrile

In the title compound, C15H14N2O, the mol­ecule skeleton displays an approximately planar structure except for the ethyl group [maximum deviation = 0.042 (1) Å]. The meth­oxy­phenyl ring and butanylidenemalononitrile groups are located on opposite sides of the C=C bond, showing an E configuration. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure

Bioadhesive drug delivery system of diltiazem hydrochloride for improved bioavailability in cardiac therapy

Purpose: To prepare and evaluate bioadhesive buccal films of diltiazem  hydrochloride (a L-type calcium channel blocker) for overcoming the limitations of frequent dosing, low bioavailability and gastrointestinal discomfort of oral delivery.Methods: Buccal films were prepared by solvent casting technique using sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 and polyvinyl alcohol. The films were evaluated for weight, thickness, surface pH, swelling index, in vitro residence time, folding endurance, in vitro release, ex-vivo permeation (across porcine buccal mucosa) and drug content uniformity.Results: The drug content of the formulations was uniform with a range of 18.94 ± 0.066 (F2) to 20.08 ± 0.07 mg per unit film (F1). The films exhibited controlled release ranging from 58.76 ± 1.62 to 91.45 ± 1.02 % over a period > 6 h. The films containing 20 mg diltiazem hydrochloride, polyvinyl alcohol (10 %) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (1 % w/v) i.e. formulation F5, showed moderate swelling, convenientresidence time and promising drug release, and thus can be selected for further development of a buccal film for potential therapeutic uses.Conclusion: The developed formulation is a potential bioadhesive buccal system for delivering diltiazem directly to systemic circulation, circumventing first-pass metabolism, avoiding gastric discomfort and improving bioavailability at a minimal dose.Keywords: Bioadhesive, Cardiac, Diltiazem, Calcium channel blocker, Buccal film, Bioavailability, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Polyvinyl  alcoho

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells: Crucial players in respiratory function and airway-nerve communication

Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are unique airway epithelial cells that blend neuronal and endocrine functions, acting as key sensors in the lung. They respond to environmental stimuli like allergens by releasing neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. PNECs stand out as the only lung epithelial cells innervated by neurons, suggesting a significant role in airway-nerve communication via direct neural pathways and hormone release. Pathological conditions such as asthma are linked to increased PNECs counts and elevated calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) production, which may affect neuroprotection and brain function. CGRP is also associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, potentially due to its influence on inflammation and cholinergic activity. Despite their low numbers, PNECs are crucial for a wide range of functions, highlighting the importance of further research. Advances in technology for producing and culturing human PNECs enable the exploration of new mechanisms and cell-specific responses to targeted therapies for PNEC-focused treatments

Nurses\u27 Workplace Social Capital and the Influence of Transformational Leadership: A Theoretical Perspective

Workplace social capital is the relational network, created by respectful interactions among members of a workforce, can contribute to the formation of a wholesome psychological work environment in an organization. Nurses\u27 workplace social capital is a derivative of the workplace social capital, formed because of the complex interactions among the nursing and between the other healthcare professionals. Transformational leadership is a style of leadership that addresses the emotional wellbeing of its workforce and inspires shared group ethics, norms, and goals. The philosophy of transformational leadership is grounded on the premise of workforce as human beings with specific needs. Transformational leadership has been confirmed as a strong predictor of nurses\u27 workplace social capital. Meanwhile, it is of an academic and/or healthcare industry operational value to scholarly assess and discern the theoretical influence of transformational leadership on nurses\u27 workplace social capital. In this paper, we have attempted to explore the associations between transformational leadership and nurses\u27 workplace social capital from a theoretical perspective. We have discussed the importance of each sub-dimension of transformational leadership (modeling the way, inspiring a shared vision, challenging the process, enabling others to act and encouraging the heart) in building up the social capital relational network. Finally, we have proposed a graphic framework of our analysis to facilitate understanding of the associations between the transformational leadership and nurses\u27 workplace social capital, in formation of a healthy work environment which is the foundation for efficiency and productivity of the workforce