Natural occurrence of fumonisin B2 in red wine from Italy

International audienceThe potential risk of exposure to fumonisin B2 (FB2 ) in the grape-wine chain has been recently pointed out after reporting Aspergillus niger in grapes and its ability to produce FB2 and FB4. The occurrence of these two fumonisins in wine was investigated by LC/MS/MS in fifty-one market samples (45 red, 5 white and one rosè wine) produced in various Italian regions. Nine samples of red wine were found contaminated by fumonisin B2 at levels ranging from 0.4 to 2.4 ng/mL, while FB4 was not detected in any of the tested samples. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of FB2 in wine indicating that, although al low levels, there is a real risk of FB2 exposure for the wine-consumer

Evaluation of the roughness and mass loss of the flowable composites after simulated toothbrushing abrasion Avaliação da rugosidade e da perda de massa de resinas compostas "flow" após escovação simulada

The purpose of this study was to measure mass loss and surface roughness changes of different brands of flowable resin composites after a simulated toothbrushing test. The null hypotheses were that there would be no differences in mass loss and no significant changes in surface roughness after this test and that there would be no correlation between the two variables. The tested materials were Aeliteflo (Bisco), Flow-It (Pentron), Flow-It LF (Pentron), Natural Flow (DFL) and Wave (SDI). Z100 (3M/ESPE) microhybrid and Silux Plus (3M/ESPE) microfilled resin composites were used as control materials. Twelve specimens (5 mm in diameter, 3 mm thick) of each material were prepared according to manufacturers' instructions. Toothbrushing abrasion was performed on all specimens from each of the materials using a simulator. The percentage mass loss and surface roughness were assessed before and after 100,000 brushstrokes, using a Sartorius analytical balance of 0.0001 g accuracy and a Hommel Tester T1000, respectively. The measurements of both properties were statistically compared by paired t-test and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). All materials presented a statistically significant mass loss comparing initial and final values, with the exception of Flow-It LF. However, no difference was revealed when comparing the mass loss of the different tested materials. All materials became rougher and Wave presented statistically higher roughness compared to the other resin composites. Flowable resin composites did not seem to be superior to the control groups, and they can be expected to wear by mass loss and to have an increased roughness of surface after toothbrushing action. The anticipated null hypotheses were partially accepted.<br>O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar a perda de massa e as alterações de rugosidade superficial de diferentes marcas de resinas compostas "flow" após teste de escovação simulada. A hipótese nula testada foi de que não haveria diferença de massa e rugosidade de superfície após o teste e de que não haveria correlação entre essas variáveis. Os materiais testados foram: Aeliteflo (Bisco), Flow-It (Pentron), Flow-It LF (Pentron), Natural Flow (DFL) e Wave (SDI). As resinas compostas Z100 (3M/ESPE) e Silux Plus (3M/ESPE) foram utilizadas como controle. Doze espécimes (5 mm de diâmetro, 3 mm de espessura) de cada material foram confeccionados de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. O teste foi conduzido em uma máquina de escovação simulada, em todos os espécimes de todos os materiais, totalizando 100.000 ciclos. Antes e depois do teste, a massa e a rugosidade de cada material foram aferidas por uma balança analítica Sartorius de 0,0001 g de precisão e pelo equipamento Hommel Tester T1000, respectivamente. Os valores obtidos foram comparados pelos testes t-pareado e Tukey (p < 0,05). Todos os materiais apresentaram diferenças estatísticas de perda de massa entre os valores iniciais e finais, com exceção da resina Flow-It LF. Entretanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada quando se comparou a porcentagem de perda de massa entre os diferentes materiais testados. Todos os materiais tornaram-se mais rugosos, sendo Wave, estatisticamente, o mais rugoso. As resinas compostas "flow" não demonstraram superioridade em relação aos materiais de controle, devendo-se esperar o desgaste por perda de massa do material e maior rugosidade após a ação da escovação. A hipótese nula antecipada foi parcialmente aceita