Preparation and Characteristic of Dextran-BSA Antibody and Establishment of it’s Elisa Immunoassay

The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a potential tool for the determination of dextran. In this study, dextran–BSA antigens were prepared by Reductive amination method, and were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and free amino detection. The effects of coupled reaction conditions such as different oxidation degree of dextran, the reaction time were investigated and the immunity of the resulting dextran- BSA neoglycoprotein antigens were evaluated through the interaction with standard dextran antibody. The immunogen was immunized with white rabbits to obtained polyclonal antibody respectively. A general and broad class-specific Elisa detection method was developed according to Elisa theory. The method was put to use for quantitative analysis of dextran in practical saccharose samples

HiGitClass: Keyword-Driven Hierarchical Classification of GitHub Repositories

GitHub has become an important platform for code sharing and scientific exchange. With the massive number of repositories available, there is a pressing need for topic-based search. Even though the topic label functionality has been introduced, the majority of GitHub repositories do not have any labels, impeding the utility of search and topic-based analysis. This work targets the automatic repository classification problem as keyword-driven hierarchical classification. Specifically, users only need to provide a label hierarchy with keywords to supply as supervision. This setting is flexible, adaptive to the users' needs, accounts for the different granularity of topic labels and requires minimal human effort. We identify three key challenges of this problem, namely (1) the presence of multi-modal signals; (2) supervision scarcity and bias; (3) supervision format mismatch. In recognition of these challenges, we propose the HiGitClass framework, comprising of three modules: heterogeneous information network embedding; keyword enrichment; topic modeling and pseudo document generation. Experimental results on two GitHub repository collections confirm that HiGitClass is superior to existing weakly-supervised and dataless hierarchical classification methods, especially in its ability to integrate both structured and unstructured data for repository classification.Comment: 10 pages; Accepted to ICDM 2019; Some typos fixe

Anomalous Heat Diffusion

Consider anomalous energy spread in solid phases, i.e., $MSD= \int (x -{\langle x \rangle}_E)^2 \rho_E(x,t)dx \propto t^{\beta}$, as induced by a small initial excess energy perturbation distribution $\rho_{E}(x,t=0)$ away from equilibrium. The associated total thermal equilibrium heat flux autocorrelation function $C_{JJ}(t)$ is shown to obey rigorously the intriguing relation, $d^2 MSD/dt^2 = 2C_{JJ}(t)/(k_BT^2c)$, where $c$ is the specific volumetric heat capacity. Its integral assumes a time-local Helfand-moment relation; i.e. $dMSD/dt|_{t=t_s} = 2/(k_BT^2c)\int_0^{t_s} C_{JJ}(s)ds$, where the chosen cut-off time $t_s$ is determined by the maximal signal velocity for heat transfer. Given the premise that the averaged nonequilibrium heat flux is governed by an anomalous heat conductivity, energy diffusion scaling determines a corresponding anomalous thermal conductivity scaling behaviour

TLR9-deficiency in B cells promotes immune tolerance via IL-10 in a type 1 diabetes mouse model

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is highly expressed in B cells and B cells are important in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) development. However, the intrinsic effect of TLR9 in B cells on beta cell autoimmunity is not known. To fill this knowledge gap, we generated non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with a B cell-specific deficiency of TLR9 (TLR9fl/fl/CD19-Cre+ NOD). The B cell-specific deletion of TLR9 resulted in near complete protection from T1D development. Diabetes protection was accompanied by an increased proportion of IL-10-producing B cells. We also found that TLR9-deficient B cells were hyporesponsive to both innate and adaptive immune-stimuli. This suggested that TLR9 in B cells modulates T1D susceptibility in NOD mice by changing the frequency and function of IL-10-producing B cells. Molecular analysis revealed a network of TLR9 with MMPs, TIMP1 and CD40, all of which are inter-connected with IL-10. Our study has highlighted an important connection of an innate immune molecule in B cells to the immuno-pathogenesis of T1D. Thus, targeting the TLR9 pathway, specifically in B cells, may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for T1D treatment

Sequential Reassortments Underlie Diverse Influenza H7N9 Genotypes in China

Initial genetic characterizations have suggested that the influenza A (H7N9) viruses responsible for the current outbreak in China are novel reassortants. However, little is known about the pathways of their evolution and, in particular, the generation of diverse viral genotypes. Here we report an in-depth evolutionary analysis of whole-genome sequence data of 45 H7N9 and 42 H9N2 viruses isolated from humans, poultry, and wild birds during recent influenza surveillance efforts in China. Our analysis shows that the H7N9 viruses were generated by at least two steps of sequential reassortments involving distinct H9N2 donor viruses in different hosts. The first reassortment likely occurred in wild birds and the second in domestic birds in east China in early 2012. Our study identifies the pathways for the generation of diverse H7N9 genotypes in China and highlights the importance of monitoring multiple sources for effective surveillance of potential influenza outbreaks.National Natural Science Foundation (China) (31125016)National Natural Science Foundation (China) (31371338)National Center for Biotechnology Information (U.S.) (Major National Earmark Project for Infectious Diseases, 2013ZX10004611-002)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, grant, 2009CB918503)National Science and Technology Major Projects (2012ZX10004214001002)Jiangsu Sheng (China) (Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions)National Natural Science Foundation (China) (31100950)MIT International Science and Technology Initiative

NLRP6 deficiency expands a novel CD103 + B cell population that confers immune tolerance in NOD mice

Introduction: Gut microbiota have been linked to modulating susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes; however, there are many ways in which the microbiota interact with host cells, including through microbial ligand binding to intracellular inflammasomes (large multi-subunit proteins) to initiate immune responses. NLRP6, a microbe-recognizing inflammasome protein, is highly expressed by intestinal epithelial cells and can alter susceptibility to cancer, obesity and Crohn’s disease; however, the role of NLRP6 in modulating susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes, was previously unknown. Methods: We generated NLRP6-deficient Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice to study the effect of NLRP6-deficiency on the immune cells and susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes development. Results: NLRP6-deficient mice exhibited an expansion of CD103+ B cells and were protected from type 1 diabetes. Moreover, NLRP6-deficient CD103+ B cells express regulatory markers, secreted higher concentrations of IL-10 and TGFb1 cytokines and suppressed diabetogenic T cell proliferation, compared to NLRP6-sufficient CD103+ B cells. Microarray analysis of NLRP6-sufficient and -deficient CD103+ B cells identified 79 significantly different genes including genes regulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tretinoin, IL-10 and TGFb, which was confirmed in vitro following LPS stimulation. Furthermore, microbiota from NLRP6-deficient mice induced CD103+ B cells in colonized NLRP6-sufficient germ-free mice; however, the long-term maintenance of the CD103+ B cells required the absence of NLRP6 in the hosts, or continued exposure to microbiota from NLRP6-deficient mice. Discussion: Together, our data indicate that NLRP6 deficiency promotes expansion and maintenance of a novel TGF -dependent CD103+ Breg population. Thus, targeting NLRP6 therapeutically may prove clinically useful

Peste des petits ruminants in large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts

Since its first report in 1942, peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) has caused several epidemics in a wide range of susceptible hosts around the world. In the last 30 years, the evidence of natural and experimental infections and virus isolation were reported from novel but unusual hosts such as camel, cattle, buffalo, dogs, Asiatic lion and pigs. In addition, PPRV in a potential vector, biting midges (Culicoides imicola), has been reported. Either presented as clinical and/or subclinical infections, the presence of the virus in an extended range of susceptible hosts highlights the cross-species transmission and supports the hypothesis of an endemic circulation of PPRV among susceptible hosts. However, the potential role of large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts for PPRV epidemiology is still obscure. Therefore, there is a need for molecular and epidemiological investigations of the disease among usual and unusual hosts to achieve the goals of disease control and eradication programmes initiated by national and international organisations, such as the FAO and OIE. This review is the first to summarise the scattered data on PPR in large ruminants, camels and unusual hosts to obtain the global scientific communities' attention for further research on epidemiological aspects, not only in its native hosts, but also in large ruminants, camels and other unusual hosts

Tlr9 deficiency in B cells leads to obesity by promoting inflammation and gut dysbiosis

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes bacterial, viral and self DNA and play an important role in immunity and inflammation. However, the role of TLR9 in obesity is less well-studied. Here, we generate B-cell-specific Tlr9-deficient (Tlr9fl/fl/Cd19Cre+/-, KO) B6 mice and model obesity using a high-fat diet. Compared with control mice, B-cell-specific-Tlr9-deficient mice exhibited increased fat tissue inflammation, weight gain, and impaired glucose and insulin tolerance. Furthermore, the frequencies of IL-10-producing-B cells and marginal zone B cells were reduced, and those of follicular and germinal center B cells were increased. This was associated with increased frequencies of IFNγ-producing-T cells and increased follicular helper cells. In addition, gut microbiota from the KO mice induced a pro-inflammatory state leading to immunological and metabolic dysregulation when transferred to germ-free mice. Using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, we identify altered gut microbial communities including reduced Lachnospiraceae, which may play a role in altered metabolism in KO mice. We identify an important network involving Tlr9, Irf4 and Il-10 interconnecting metabolic homeostasis, with the function of B and T cells, and gut microbiota in obesity

Quasiparticle Liquid in the Highly Overdoped Bi2212

We present results from the study of a highly overdoped (OD) Bi2212 with a $T_{c}=51$K using high resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The temperature dependent spectra near the ($\pi,0$) point show the presence of the sharp peak well above $T_{c}$. From the nodal direction, we make comparison of the self-energy with the optimally doped and underdoped cuprates, and the Mo(110) surface state. We show that this OD cuprate appears to have properties that approach that of the Mo. Further analysis shows that the OD has a more $k$-independent lineshape at the Fermi surface than the lower-doped cuprates. This allows for a realistic comparison of the nodal lifetime values to the experimental resistivity measurements via Boltzmann transport formulation. All these observations point to the validity of the quasiparticle picture for the OD even in the normal state within a certain energy and momentum range.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

The effects of nail rigidity on fracture healing in rats with osteoporosis

Background and purpose Stress shielding from rigid internal fixation may lead to refracture after removal of the osteosynthesis material. We investigated the effect of a low-rigidity (Ti-24Nb-4Zr-7.9Sn) intramedullary nail regarding stress shielding and bone healing of osteoporotic fractures in the rat