The effect of YL-0919 on locomotor activity in mice and rats.

<p>YL-0919 displayed no effect on the locomotor activity of both mice and rats in OFT for 5 min. YL-0919 was p.o. administered 60 min before OFT. Data are presented as means±SEM (n = 10/group).</p

The effect of 5-HT_1A receptor in the antidepressant-like of YL-0919.

<p>Coadministration with WAY-100635 (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) prevented YL-0919 (1.25, 2.5 mg/kg, p.o.)-induced reductions in the immobility time in TST (A) and FST (B) in mice. WAY, WAY-100635; YL, YL-0919. Mice received WAY-100635 and YL-0919 simultaneously; 60 min later, the animal were submitted to the forced swimming. Data are presented as means±SEM (n = 10/group). **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001 versus vehicle, ^##<i>p</i><0.01 versus the same dose of YL-0919.</p

The functional properties of YL-0919 and fluoxetine on SERT.

<p>Both YL-0919 and fluoxetine inhibited the uptake of [³H]-5-HT into rat cerebral cortical synaptosomes and HEK293 cells stably expressing hSERT. The IC₅₀ values were presented as mean±SEM of three independent experiments performed in triplicate.</p

The intrinsic functional activities of YL-0919 on 5-HT_1A receptor.

<p><b>A.</b> The chemical structure of YL-0919. <b>B. C. D.</b> cAMP assays. Both 8-OH-DPAT (10⁻¹¹∼10⁻⁶ M) and YL-0919 (10⁻¹¹∼10⁻⁶ M) concentration-dependently inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation (B). WAY-100635(0.1 µM) markedly prevented the 8-OH-DPAT (10⁻¹¹∼10⁻⁹ M) (C) and YL-0919 (10⁻¹¹∼10⁻⁹ M) (D) mediated inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation. PC12 cells expressing 5-HT_1A receptors were incubated in the presence of 0.5 mM IBMX, 10 µM forskolin and, different concentrations of drugs. Data (presented as mean ±SEM) were representative of four distinct experiments performed in triplicate. **<i>p</i><0.01 versus the same concentration of 8-OH-DPAT or YL-0919.</p

The effects of YL-0919 in rats exposed to 4-week stress procedure.

<p><b>A.</b> The outline of design for CUS and behavioral tests. <b>B.C.</b> The effects of YL-0919 and fluoxetine on the number of crossing and rearing. The number of crossing and rearing in stress-vehicle group were significantly decreased after 4-week exposure to chronic unpredictable stress. Daily oral administration of YL-0919 (1.25 or 5 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) reversed the inhibition of locomotor activity in CUS rats. <b>D.E.</b> The effects of YL-0919 and fluoxetine on the sucrose preference in rats before (D) and after (E) 4-week stress procedure. Four-week stress procedure caused significant decrease in sucrose preference in stress-vehicle rats compared to control non-stressed rats. Four-week treatment of YL-0919 (1.25, 2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) and fluoxetine (2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) restored the sucrose preference to normal level. <b>F.</b> The effects of YL-0919 and fluoxetine on the latency to begin eating in rats exposed to 4-week stress regime. Long-term treatment of YL-0919 (1.25 or 2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the latency to begin eating compared with vehicle-stressed rats. Flu, fiuoxetine. Fluoxetine or YL-0919 was administered p.o. prior to stress procedure. Data are presented as means±SEM (n = 8–11/group). **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001versus control, ^#<i>p</i><0.05, ^##<i>p</i><0.01, ^###<i>p</i><0.001 versus stress.</p

MOESM2 of Enhancement of scutellarin oral delivery efficacy by vitamin B12-modified amphiphilic chitosan derivatives to treat type II diabetes induced-retinopathy

Additional file 2. Synthesis of FITC-labelled amphiphilic chitosan derivatives: (A) the Chit-DC-FITC derivative and (B) the Chit-DC-B12-FITC derivative

The chronic unpredictable stress regime.

<p>The chronic unpredictable stress regime.</p

The effect of YL-0919 in the behavioral despair paradigms.

<p>YL-0919 produced antidepressant-like effects in TST in mcie (A), FST in mice (B) and FST in rats (C). Veh, vehicle; Flu, fluoxetine; DIM, desipramine. YL-0919, fluoxetine, or desipramine was administered p.o. 60 min prior to the test. Data are presented as means±SEM (n = 10–12/group). *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001 versus vehicle.</p

The specific parameters in binding and uptake assays.

<p>The specific parameters in binding and uptake assays.</p

MOESM3 of Enhancement of scutellarin oral delivery efficacy by vitamin B12-modified amphiphilic chitosan derivatives to treat type II diabetes induced-retinopathy

Additional file 3. FTIR spectra and photo of Chit-DC-FITC. (A) FTIR spectra of Chit-DC and Chit-DC-FITC. (B) Fluorescence spectra and a photo of FITC-labeled amphiphilic chitosan derivatives