Physical properties of CO-dark molecular gas traced by C+^+

Neither HI nor CO emission can reveal a significant quantity of so-called dark gas in the interstellar medium (ISM). It is considered that CO-dark molecular gas (DMG), the molecular gas with no or weak CO emission, dominates dark gas. We identified 36 DMG clouds with C$^+$ emission (data from Galactic Observations of Terahertz C+ (GOT C+) project) and HINSA features. Based on uncertainty analysis, optical depth of HI $\tau\rm_{HI}$ of 1 is a reasonable value for most clouds. With the assumption of $\tau\rm_{HI}=1$, these clouds were characterized by excitation temperatures in a range of 20 K to 92 K with a median value of 55 K and volume densities in the range of $6.2\times10^1$ cm$^{-3}$ to $1.2\times 10^3$ cm$^{-3}$ with a median value of $2.3\times 10^2$ cm$^{-3}$. The fraction of DMG column density in the cloud ($f\rm_{DMG}$) decreases with increasing excitation temperature following an empirical relation $f\rm_{DMG}=-2.1\times 10^{-3}T_(ex,\tau_{HI}=1)$+1.0. The relation between $f\rm_{DMG}$ and total hydrogen column density $N_H$ is given by $f\rm_{DMG}$=$1.0-3.7\times 10^{20}/N_H$. The values of $f\rm_{DMG}$ in the clouds of low extinction group ($A\rm_V \le 2.7$ mag) are consistent with the results of the time-dependent, chemical evolutionary model at the age of ~ 10 Myr. Our empirical relation cannot be explained by the chemical evolutionary model for clouds in the high extinction group ($A\rm_V > 2.7$ mag). Compared to clouds in the low extinction group ($A\rm_V \le 2.7$ mag), clouds in the high extinction group ($A\rm_V > 2.7$ mag) have comparable volume densities but excitation temperatures that are 1.5 times lower. Moreover, CO abundances in clouds of the high extinction group ($A\rm_V > 2.7$ mag) are $6.6\times 10^2$ times smaller than the canonical value in the Milky Way. #[Full version of abstract is shown in the text.]#Comment: Accepted for publishing in Astronomy & Astrophysics. 13 pages, 8 figure

Thick Cloud Removal of Remote Sensing Images Using Temporal Smoothness and Sparsity-Regularized Tensor Optimization

In remote sensing images, the presence of thick cloud accompanying cloud shadow is a high probability event, which can affect the quality of subsequent processing and limit the scenarios of application. Hence, removing the thick cloud and cloud shadow as well as recovering the cloud-contaminated pixels is indispensable to make good use of remote sensing images. In this paper, a novel thick cloud removal method for remote sensing images based on temporal smoothness and sparsity-regularized tensor optimization (TSSTO) is proposed. The basic idea of TSSTO is that the thick cloud and cloud shadow are not only sparse but also smooth along the horizontal and vertical direction in images while the clean images are smooth along the temporal direction between images. Therefore, the sparsity norm is used to boost the sparsity of the cloud and cloud shadow, and unidirectional total variation (UTV) regularizers are applied to ensure the unidirectional smoothness. This paper utilizes alternation direction method of multipliers to solve the presented model and generate the cloud and cloud shadow element as well as the clean element. The cloud and cloud shadow element is purified to get the cloud area and cloud shadow area. Then, the clean area of the original cloud-contaminated images is replaced to the corresponding area of the clean element. Finally, the reference image is selected to reconstruct details of the cloud area and cloud shadow area using the information cloning method. A series of experiments are conducted both on simulated and real cloud-contaminated images from different sensors and with different resolutions, and the results demonstrate the potential of the proposed TSSTO method for removing cloud and cloud shadow from both qualitative and quantitative viewpoints

Separation of Phytosterol and Synthesized VE Succinate from Rapeseed Oil Deodorizer Distillate

Rosana G. Moreira, Editor-in-Chief; Texas A&M UniversityThis is a paper from International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Genie Rural) E-Journal Volume 7 (2005): Separation of Phytosterol and Synthesized VE Succinate from Rapeseed Oil Deodorizer Distillate by Pan Li-jun, Shao Ping, Jiang Shao-ton

In vitro conservation of native Chinese wild grape (Vitis heyneana Roem. & Schult) by slow growth culture

The aim of the present research work was to develop a protocol to preserve Chinese wild grape by slow growth conservation. Spectacular success was achieved in preserving shoot apices of Vitis heyneana under slow growth conditions. The optimized nutrient formulation to maintain slow growth of cultures was Murashige and Skoog (MS) media contained 5 g∙L-1 agar, 0.05 mg∙L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.1 mg∙L-1 indole acetic acid (IAA) and 0.5 mg∙L-1 abscisic acid (ABA). The best osmotic adjustment of nutrient medium was achieved by employing 10 g∙L-1 mannitol where 47.78 % cultures could be conserved up to 12 months without any subculture. Among different combination of air breathable film area (ABFA), light intensity and chlorocholine chloride (CCC) concentration, used for increasing the subculture period, 19.63 mm2 ABFA with 5.0 g∙L-1 CCC cultured under lower light intensity suited best for slow growth conservation with 48.00 % microplants were able to survive 10 months without subculture. Further tests showed that the CCC had a negative effect to grape conservation. Cultures responded better when incubated at 10 °C compared with the control (25 °C). Our study also found that the combination of factors were also more beneficial to grape conservation than that of a single factor. 100 % survived shoots by slow growth conservation could regenerate to normal plantlets and transplant successfully. Transplanting plantlets showed no obvious difference in morphology with the control and the maternal parent in the field.