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<p>Tertiary interactions and base triples are illustrated with continuous lines. Base-pairing is indicated as follows: Watson-Crick pairs, lines; GU pairs, dots; other non-canonical pairs, circles.</p

Gene structure of the mitogenome of <i>Aleurocanthus spiniferus</i>.

<p>Gene structure of the mitogenome of <i>Aleurocanthus spiniferus</i>.</p

Inferred phylogenetic relationships among Aleyrodidae based on three selected PCGs.

<p>Numbers at the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities. The tree was rooted with two outgroups (<i>S</i>. <i>avenae</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>noxia</i>).</p

Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Citrus Spiny Whitefly <i>Aleurocanthus spiniferus</i> (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): Implications for the Phylogeny of Whiteflies

<div><p>In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (15,220 bp) of the citrus spiny whitefly, <i>Aleurocanthus spiniferus</i> (Quaintance), a well-known pest from the superfamily Aleyrodidae. The <i>A</i>. <i>spiniferus</i> mitogenome contains 36 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 21 transfer RNAs (tRNA), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) and a large non-coding region (control region, CR). Like most whiteflies, the <i>A</i>. <i>spiniferus</i> mitogenome had a large degree of rearrangement due to translocation of the <i>nad3-trnG-cox3</i> gene cluster. The 13 PCGs initiated with ATN and generally terminated with TAA, although some used TAG or T as stop codons; <i>atp6</i> showed the highest evolutionary rate, whereas <i>cox2</i> appeared to have the lowest rate. The <i>A</i>. <i>spiniferus</i> mitogenome had 21 tRNAs with a typical cloverleaf secondary structure composed of four arms. Modeling of the two rRNA genes indicated that their secondary structure was similar to that of other insects. The CR of <i>A</i>. <i>spiniferus</i> was 920 bp and mapped between the <i>nad3-trnG-cox3</i> and <i>trnI-trnM</i> gene clusters. One potential stem-loop structure and five tandem repeats were identified in the CR. Phylogenetic relationships of 11 species from the Aleyrodidae were analyzed based on the deduced amino acid sequences of the 13 PCGs and evolutionary characteristics were explored. Species with more genetic rearrangements were generally more evolved within the Aleyrodidae.</p></div

Inferred phylogenetic relationships among Aleyrodidae based on the 13 PCGs.

<p>Numbers at the nodes are Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) and ML bootstrap values (right). The tree was rooted with two outgroups (<i>S</i>. <i>avenae</i> and <i>D</i>. <i>noxia</i>).</p

Evolutionary rates of PCGs in whitefly mitogenomes.

<p>The blue bar indicates the gene’s Ka/Ks.</p

Mitochondrial map of <i>A</i>. <i>spiniferus</i>.

<p>Genes that are not underscored are transcribed on the majority strand (J-strand; an exception is the control region, CR). Genes that are underscored are transcribed on the minority strand (N-strand). tRNA genes are designated by single letter amino acid codes outside the map.</p

Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) in the mitogenomes of <i>A</i>. <i>spiniferus</i> and ten other species of Aleyrodidae.

<p>Codon families are given on the X-axis.</p

Phylogeny of 11 whitefly mitogenomes reconstructed by MGR.

<p>The number of rearrangements is shown numerically on the branches.</p

Inferred secondary structures of 21 tRNAs from the <i>A</i>. <i>spiniferus</i> mitogenome.

<p>The tRNAs are labelled with the abbreviations of their corresponding amino acids. Dashes (-) indicate Watson-Crick bonds and dots (·) represent GU bonds. Each arm and loop is illustrated for <i>trnV</i>.</p