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Nonlinear Electromagnetic Quasinormal Modes and Hawking Radiation of A Regular Black Hole with Magnetic Charge
Based on a regular exact black hole (BH) from nonlinear electrodynamics (NED)
coupled to General Relativity, we investigate its stability of such BH through
the Quasinormal Modes (QNMs) of electromagnetic (EM) field perturbation and its
thermodynamics through Hawking radiation. In perturbation theory, we can deduce
the effective potential from nonlinear EM field. The comparison of potential
function between regular and RN BHs could predict their similar QNMs. The QNMs
frequencies tell us the effect of magnetic charge , overtone , angular
momentum number on the dynamic evolution of NLED EM field. Furthermore we
also discuss the cases near extreme condition of such magnetically charged
regular BH. The corresponding QNMs spectrum illuminates some special properties
in the near-extreme cases. For the thermodynamics, we employ Hamilton-Jacobi
method to calculate the near-horizon Hawking temperature of the regular BH and
reveal the relationship between classical parameters of black hole and its
quantum effect
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Endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems mediate transcytosis of Leptospira interrogans across cell monolayer.
Many bacterial pathogens can cause septicemia and spread from the bloodstream into internal organs. During leptospirosis, individuals are infected by contact with Leptospira-containing animal urine-contaminated water. The spirochetes invade internal organs after septicemia to cause disease aggravation, but the mechanism of leptospiral excretion and spreading remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that Leptospira interrogans entered human/mouse endothelial and epithelial cells and fibroblasts by caveolae/integrin-β1-PI3K/FAK-mediated microfilament-dependent endocytosis to form Leptospira (Lep)-vesicles that did not fuse with lysosomes. Lep-vesicles recruited Rab5/Rab11 and Sec/Exo-SNARE proteins in endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems for intracellular transport and release by SNARE-complex/FAK-mediated microfilament/microtubule-dependent exocytosis. Both intracellular leptospires and infected cells maintained their viability. Leptospiral propagation was only observed in mouse fibroblasts. Our study revealed that L. interrogans utilizes endocytic recycling and vesicular transport systems for transcytosis across endothelial or epithelial barrier in blood vessels or renal tubules, which contributes to spreading in vivo and transmission of leptospirosis
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