Demographic and clinical data of SIVD patients and control subjects.

<p>Data were expressed as the range from min – max (mean ± SD). Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HIS, Hachinski Ischemic Score; GDS, Global Deterioration Scale; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; ADL, Activities of Daily Living Scale.</p>a<p><i>P</i>-value was obtained using the two-tailed Chi-squared test.</p>b<p><i>P</i>-value was obtained using the two-sample, two-tailed <i>t</i>-test.</p

Correlations between ALFF values and cognitive performance of patients with SIVD.

<p>Left column: partial correlation analysis between MoCA scores and ALFF values. There were negative correlations between the MoCA scores and the average ALFF values of the left insula (<i>r</i> = −0.388, <i>p</i> = 0.046) and the left hippocampus (<i>r</i> = −0.564, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Middle column: regions showing differences in ALFF values between SIVD patients and control subjects (SIVD>HC, <i>p</i><0.01, AlphaSim corrected). Right column: partial correlation analysis between MMSE scores and ALFF values. There was negative correlation between the MMSE scores and the average ALFF values of the left insula (<i>r</i> = −0.542, <i>p</i> = 0.004) and the left hippocampus (<i>r</i> = −0.421, <i>p</i> = 0.029). The effects of age, gender, years of education, and GM volume were corrected as covariates. Each dot represents data from one participant.</p

Mean amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) maps from the control group (A) and the subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) group (B).

<p>Visual inspection indicated high ALFF values in several regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and the adjacent precuneus. The left side of the image denotes the left side of the brain. Color bars represent the <i>t</i> value of the group analysis. The t statistical maps were created using the BrainNet Viewer (<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/" target="_blank">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/</a>).</p

ALFF differences between SIVD and control groups without (A) and with (B) GM volume correction, respectively.

<p>SIVD patients showed reduced ALFF values in the bilateral precuneus and increased ALFF values in the bilateral ACC, left insula and hippocampus. Of note, the between-group differences in the ALFF values exhibited highly similar patterns between with and without correcting GM volume. Statistical thresholds were set at <i>P</i><0.01 for individual voxels and a cluster size >1080 mm³, which corresponds to a corrected <i>P</i><0.01 determined by Monte Carlo simulations. Color bars represent the <i>t</i> value of the group analysis. Cool color represents decreased ALFF values, and warm color represents increased ALFF values. The <i>t</i> statistical maps were created using the BrainNet Viewer (<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/" target="_blank">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/</a>).</p

Morphometric changes of medial temporal cortices.

<p>The ANCOVA tests were adjusted for age, gender and TIV. The units of surface area, volume, thickness and mean curvature were mm², mm³, mm and 1/mm, respectively. The numbers in bold indicate <i>p</i><0.05, uncorrected; and those with underline represent <i>p</i><0.005, uncorrected. AMY, amygdala; ERC, entorhinal cortex; HPC, hippocampus; PRC, perirhinal cortex.</p

Medial temporal cortices and deep gray matter.

<p>These structures were overlapped on the left white matter surface. A, anterior; ERC, entorhinal cortex; PRC, perirhinal cortex.</p

Volume (mean ± SD; in cm³) of brain, total gray matter and white matter with T1-weighted hypointensities.

<p>TIV, total intracranial volume; WM, white matter.</p>a<p><i>p</i> value for ANOVA test;</p>b<p><i>p</i> value for ANCOVA test adjusted for age, gender and TIV.</p

Demographic Data of the participants.

<p>Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. ADL/IADL, Activity of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; GDS, Global Deterioration Scale; HIS, Hachinski Ischemic Score; HRSD-17, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression with17 items; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N/A, not applicable; NC, normal controls.</p>a<p>The <i>p</i> value for ANOVA or chi-square test in 3 groups.</p>b<p>The <i>p</i> value was obtained by two-sample t-test between the AD and BD patients.</p