Određivanje potencijalne amonifikacije u zemljištu metodom sa argininom

In this paper investigations were carried out on two soil types (vertisol and brown forest soil) with different doses of applied N-fertilizer: diameter, N60 N90; N120 and N250. The potential ammonification in soil was obtained by arginine method. The following properties of soil were determined: pH value organic C, available NH4-N and mobile-Al. The pH value in vertisol was 3.75-4.07; mobile-Al was 0.67-4.90 mg/100g; % organic C 1.38-1.46 and the content of available nitrogen was 4.4-11.2 ppm. The amount of released NH4-N by arginine ammonification in this soil type was very low [(-0.12)-0.27mg/g-1h-1]. Correlation coefficients between released NH4-N from arginine and soil pH were (-0.96*), mobile Al - (-0.99**), applied fertilizer doses - (-0.95*). In brown forest soil the amount of released NH4-N by arginine ammonification was greater than in vertisol, ranging from 3.16 to 7.11mg/g-1h-1. Correlation coefficients between soil properties and released NH4-N from arginine were not statistically significant.Cilj ovog rada je bio da se na dva značajna tipa zemljišta Srbije primeni i proveri predložena metoda, kako bi se sagledala kao moguća alternativa za inkubacione metode. U tu svrhu istraživanja su obavljena na dva tipa zemljišta, gajnjača (Mladenovac) i smonica (Kragujevac) u okviru stacionarnih ogleda. Korišćene su varijante ogleda sa rastućim dozama azota djubriva. Odabrane su sledeće varijante ogleda: prečnik, N60, N90, N120 i N250. Uzorci su uzimani sa dubine 0-30 cm u proleće, pre kretanja vegetacije. Na uzetim uzorcima zemljišta primenjena je metoda amonifikacije arginina, kako su predložili Alef i Kleiner (1986). Takodje je u uzorcima zemljišta utvrdjena pH vrednost, sadržaj mobilnog Al, sadržaj organskog ugljenika i sadržaj pristupačnog NH4-N. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata (smonica) ne može se preporučiti korišćenje metode sa argininom kod zemljišta čija svojstva imaju direktan negativan uticaj na aktivnost mikroorganizama (niska pH vrednost, visok sadržaj mobilnog Al). Mogli bi da zaključimo na osnovu naših rezultata (za gajnjaču) da je približna granica pH vrednosti zemljišta ispod koje ovu metodu ne treba primenjivati 4,00 (nKCl). Na kraju kod primene ove metode obavezno se mora voditi računa o sadržaju pristupačnog NH4-N u zemljištu

Određivanje potrebnih količina đubriva za pšenicu

In this experiment we used brown forest soil that has been used in long-term experiments, for 30 years, with increasing doses of introduced nitrogen fertilizer in variants. In order to determine the quantities of nitrogen fertilizer required for wheat, a calculation model has been applied. This calculation requires not only a reliable method for determining soil nitrogen availability (both the total and easily hydrolyzed nitrogen method were used), but also a reliable method for determining the coefficient of nitrogen utilization from soil as well as data on the coefficient of nitrogen utilization from fertilizer (Nani) for the added quantities of nitrogen fertilizer.Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se na osnovu utvrđene pouzdanosti za ocenu pristupačnosti azota zemljišta (ukupni i lakohidrolizujući azot) primeni i proveri predloženi model za utvrđivanje količine azota đubriva koju treba uneti u zemljište za planirani prinos. Istraživanja su obavljena na gajnjači koja se koristi u okviru stacionarnog ogleda sa određenim sistemom đubrenja i plodoredom već 30 godina. Za određivanje potrebnih količina đubriva za pšenicu, primenjen je model obračuna za koji je potrebno utvrditi: pouzdanu metodu za ocenu pristupačanosti zemljišnog azota, na osnovu koje se određuje koeficijent iskorišćenja azota iz zemljišta, zatim koeficijent iskorišćavanja azota iz đubriva i vrednost aktiviranog azota zemljišta za unetu količinu azota đubriva. Korišćena vrednost koeficijenta iskorišćavanja azota iz đubriva za uslove koji vladaju u gajnjači je bio 50%, pri obračunu za prihranu pšenice i 43,3% za obračun potrebnih količina đubriva za ceo vegetacioni period. Na osnovu obavljenih istraživanja može se zaključiti da je prosečna vrednost aktiviranog azota zemljišta bila 4,5 kgN/ha na dodatih 10 kgN/ha azota đubriva. Za metode ukupnog i lakohidrolizujućeg azota, koje su korišćene za predloženi model, odnosno obračun (prihrana) i za koje je utvrđena pouzdanost, razlike između količina azota đubriva koje treba primeniti po predloženom modelu i stvarno primenjenih količina đubriva na stacionarnom ogleda su minimalne i bile su u granicama od 1,34-5,63 kgN/ha. Za metodu lakohidrolizujućeg azota, koja je korišćena za predloženi obračun potrebnih količina azota đubriva za ceo vegetacioni period za pšenicu, razlike između količine azota đubriva koje treba primeniti pri setvi i za prihranu, po predloženom modelu i stvarno primenjenih količina su takodje bile minimalne i to u granicama od 0,4-18,95 kgN/ha. Ovi rezultati u potpunosti potvrđuju tačnost, odnosno vrednost predloženog modela, ali i pouzdanost navedenih metoda za ocenu pristupačnosti azota zemljišta

Uticaj đubrenja kalijumom na njegov pristupačni i fiksirani sadržaj u vinogradarskom zemljištu

The experiment was conducted on brown forest soil in the vineyard with Sauvignon blanc variety on Kober 5BB rootstock. During a thre- year experiment (1994-1996), potassium fertilizer was added in a dose of 0 kg K2O/ha, 50 kg K2O/ha, 100 kg K2O/ha, 150 K2O/ha respectively. After the determination of soil potassium content (1870-1920 mg K2O/100 g), its available form was monitored by using two different extraction methods (AL method and 1N ammonium-acetate extraction). The amount of extracted available K was not significant between the used methods, while the effect of fertilization was visible only at 150 kg/ha potassium rate during the first year in soil layers (30-60 cm, 60-90 cm). Also, another examined soil K fraction (fixed K+) was not affected by K fertilizer application.Kalijum igra jednu od najvažnijih uloga u ishrani vinove loze, pa je redovna primena visokih doza kalijumovih djubriva praksa u proizvodnji groždja. Imajući u vidu da mnogi uslovi u zemljištu utiču na ishranu loze kalijumom (tip zemljišta, sadržaj gline, vodni režim itd), u trogodišnjem periodu (1994-1996) je praćena primena kalijumovog djubriva u rastućim dozama: 0 kg K2O/ha, 50 kg K2O/ha, 100 kg K2O/ha i 150 K2O/ha. Ogled je izveden na gajnjači u vinogradu sa sortom Sovinjon blank, kalemljenoj na podlozi Kober 5BB. Posle utvrdjivanja ukupnog sadržaja kalijuma u zemljištu (1870-1920 mg K2O/100 g), odredjen je i njegov pristupačni sadržaj i to primenom dve različite ekstrakcione metode: AL-metoda i ekstrakcija sa 1 N amonijum acetatom. Količine pristupačnog K koje su ovim metodama ekstrahovane su bile vrlo slične, bez signifikantnih razlika. Na osnovu rezultata primenjene AL metode efekat djubrenja kalijumom je bio vrlo signifikantan samo pri dozi od 150 kg/ha u prvoj godini ogleda u srednjim slojevima (30-60 cm, 60-90 cm). Druga ekstrakciona metoda kojom je odredjivan pristupačni K takodje je utvrdila efekat djubrenja kalijumom u 1994. i 1995. godini pri dozi od 150 kg/ha, ali sa nižim stepenom signifikantnosti. Fiksirani K+ u zemljištu nije bio zavisan od djubrenja, medjutim, rezultati analiza ukazuju na teškoće pri odredjivanju ove frakcije K u zemljištu. Količine koje su odredjene kao fiksirane količine prevazilaze količine dodatog kalijuma djubrivima

Aerobna i anaerobna inkubacija - biološki indeksi pristupačnosti azota zemljišta

Our researches have been made on brown forest soil that had been used in long-term experiments set up according to specified fertilization system for over 30 years. We have chosen those experiment variants in which quantities of nitrogen fertilizers were gradually increased. The soil samples taken from 0 cm to 30 cm depth were used to determine biological indexes of nitrogen availability (aerobic and anaerobic incubation). The same samples were also used for pot experiments with oat. Plant and soil parameters obtained in controlled conditions were used for determination of biological indexes reliability in measuring the soil nitrogen availability. On the grounds of correlation analysis, it can be concluded that biological index of nitrogen availability achieved by the anaerobic incubation (without substraction of the initial content of available nitrogen) of the investigated brown forest soil is the reliable indicator of soil nitrogen availability. That is not the case with the aerobic incubation in which reliability has not been established.Istraživanja su obavljena na gajnjači (Mladenovac) koja se koristi u okviru dugogodišnjeg stacionarnog ogleda, sa određenim plodoredom i sistemom đubrenja već više od trideset godina. Za ova istraživanja odabirane su varijante ogleda gde je primenjena rastuća doza azota đubrenja. Za utvrđivanje bioloških indeksa pristupačnosti azota primenjene su aerobna i anaerobna metoda sa dva različita načina obračuna rezultata (sa oduzimanjem i bez oduzimanja početnog sadržaja pristupačnog azota). Radi određivanja parametara biljaka i zemljišta koji su vrednovali pouzdanost korišćenih metoda za ocenu pristupačnosti azota zemljišta izveden je ogled u kontrolisanim uslovima uz primenu izotopski obeleženog azota (15N). Na osnovu urađene korelacione analize odnosno utvrđene korelativne zavisnosti između bioloških indeksa i parametara biljaka i zemljišta može se zaključiti da se biološki indeks koji je utvrđen anaerobnim postupkom bez oduzimanja početnog sadržaja pristupačnog NH4 može smatrati pouzdanim za ocenu pristupačnosti azota zemljišta. Pouzdanost nije utvrđena za aerobnu metodu (sa oduzimanjem i bez oduzimanja početnog sadržaja pristupačnog azota) kao i za anaerobni postupak sa oduzimanjem početnog sadržaja pristupačnog NH4-N

Novi koncepti ishrane biljaka u proizvodnji sadnog materijala - proizvodnja sadnica leske

The paper presents the results of an experiment that involved evaluation of the effects of application of new types of fertilizers and employment of new ways of fertilization in the production of hazelnut planting material. The experiment was set up on Eutric Cambisol soil type ameliorated with 100 t/ha of manure. Fertilizer was not applied in the control variant, whereas the NPK (15:15:15) variant with 600t/ha was treated as the standard variant. Other variants included application of slow acting fertilizers (600 kg/ha dosage, of 4 - 6 months activity) and liquid fertilizers (11:44:11, by pouring them by 0.5% solution). All applied mineral fertilizers are combined with a new type of organic fertilizer, which actually includes processed poultry manure obtained by larvae of the domestic fly (Musca domestica L.). This fertilizer ("OFERT") contains a very high percentage of phosphorous (5.56%), substantial part of it being in accessible form (560 mg/100 g). Two methods were applied in the plant treatment, thus eight variants of the experiment involved all forms of fertilization within two variants: at planting and upon planting. Monitored agrochemical changes within the root system zone during vegetation cycle suggested that application of slow activity fertilizers, liquid and organic ("OFERT") fertilizers induced marked increase in content of phosphorous in the soil also within the zone of taking roots of mother bushes in the planting. The effect of treatment both with liquid fertilizers and the "OFERT" in the planting was displayed in the content of accessible nitrogen and potassium, whereas application of slow acting fertilizers did not have the effect. Combined application of the fertilizers was especially effective. Differences in phosphorous accumulation in leaves suggested that substantial increase in the phosphorous content in soil did not principally affect the level of phosphorous in plants. Fertilizing exhibited influence in the phosphorous content in leaves in the case of "OFERT" variant in the mother planting and at application of "OFERT" upon planting, but also at application of slow acting fertilizers, which corresponds with the increase of phosphorous in the soil. The influence of fertilizing on the rooting of hazelnut shoots was displayed in the increase of the total number of roots fertilized by NPK, slow acting fertilizers and "OFERT" combined both with NPK and slow acting fertilizers. The aforementioned reflected in the total length of roots in variants of slow acting fertilizers variants as well as in the abovementioned combined "OFERT" variants.U radu su predstavljeni rezultati ogleda u kome su ispitivani efekti primene novih vrsta đubriva i načina đubrenja u proizvodnji sadnog materijala leske. Ogled je postavljen na gajnjači đubrenoj pri meliorativnom đubrenju sa 100 t/ha stajnjaka. Kontrolna varijanta je bez primene mineralnih đubriva, dok je NPK (15:15:15) varijanta sa 600 kg/ha tretirana kao standardna varijanta. Druge varijante su vezane za primenu sporodelujućih đubriva (doza 600 kg/ha, delovanje 4 - 6 meseci) i tečnih đubriva (11:44:11, zalivanjem 0,5% rastvorom). Sva primenjena mineralna đubriva su kombinovana sa jednim novim tipom organskog đubriva, koje predstavlja prerađeni pileći stajnjak pomoću larvi domaće muve (Musca domestica L.). Ovo đubrivo ("OFERT") sadrži izrazito visok sadržaj fosfora (5,56%), od čega je značajan deo u pristupačnom obliku (560 mg/100 g). Tretiranje biljaka je bilo na dva načina, tako da su u osam varijanti ogleda kombinovani ovi oblici đubrenja u dve varijante: pri sadnji i posle sadnje. Svako ponavljanje zahvata dva dužna metra u redovima, gde su sađeni ožiljeni izdanci (20 izdanaka), a svaka varijanta ogleda ima ponavljanje u tri reda. Praćene su agrohemijske promene u zoni korenovog sistema u toku vegetacije, a i promene u mineralnom sastavu listova. Među tretmanima su utvrđene razlike prema sledećim parametrima: broj žila, dužina žila, broj razgranatih žila, broj nerazgranatih žila, dužina ožiljenog dela. Takođe je praćen i mineralni sastav lišća sadnica

Hazardous elements speciation in sandy, alkaline coal mine overburden by using different sequential extraction procedures

This paper deals with the problem of hazardous elements (HE) speciation in sandy, alkaline coal mine overburden destined for restoration. Two sequential extraction procedures [five stages Tesier's (T) and seven stages Zeien and Brummner's method (ZB)] were employed that focused on potentially bioavailable HE fractions previously found in plants growing during this soil restoration process. The results showed that the selection of the extraction procedure in HE speciation is essential, due to the different potential threats of HE fractions obtained for plants. The biggest residual fraction obtained by both extractions suggest geogenic origin of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and Pb. Tesier's extraction procedure works reasonably well for low concentration of water soluble and exchangeable HEs, whilst giving higher values for their organically bound forms. Zeien and Brummner's method, however, was found to be more appropriate for evaluation of the mobility of HE as Mn and Fe oxide fractions. The principal component analysis test estimated three main groups where the relationship between soil properties (pH, clay and silt), total content of element and available fractions (Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb-T and Ni-ZB) was defined as a PC 1 group. Other PC 2 and PC 3 from the PCA analysis include C-org and CEC, and available Cu-T and Cr, Pb-ZB, respectively. The PC 3 factor linked fine sand and available Zn-ZB. Pearson's correlation coefficients showed a high correlation between available HE and high pH(KCl) obtained by T-extraction, and Ni by Zn-extraction. Also, clay, silt and fine sand were highly correlated with the Ni-ZB available forms

Mineralni sastav različitih genotipova bosiljka (Ocimum spp.)

This experiment investigated mineral composition of 13 basil genotypes (Ocimum spp.) in order to find varieties supporting human dietary intake of essential minerals and to evaluate basil genotypes which could serve for herbal production as raw material in pharmaceutical or food processing industry. In addition, this study tested a potential risk of the accumulation of heavy metals during the commercial production of basil on agricultural soil. Mineral composition of basil genotypes was found to be in association with its genetic potential, where some of them can be used in human nutrition as an additional source of several minerals, particularly micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn), which generally improve human immune system. Iron-rich basil genotypes were identified in this experiment, like Compact (3576.0 mg/kg), with Lattuga (1585.6 mg/kg) and Blue spice (1167.9 mg/kg) genotypes, containing more than 1000 mg/kg of Fe in herbal part on dry basil (d.m.). This attract a special attention as a source of iron, especially for humans with low Fe intake, and consequently, for people with low level of hemoglobin. Basil grown on agricultural soil was tested on the accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Co, Cu, Ni, Cr and Pb), which were not found to be excessive in herbal parts of the plants. Cluster analysis (CA) distinguished Ocmium spp. genotypes in two separate groups. Despite of significant differences among the genotypes, content of Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb made a clear distinction between the clusters.U radu je ispitan mineralni sastav 13 različitih genotipova bosiljka (Ocimum spp. L.), sa ciljem da se odrede tipovi koji bi mogli da posluže kao dopunski izvori esencijalnih elementa u ljudskoj ishrani, kao i da se odrede genotipovi koji bi poslužili za proizvodnju herbe kao sirovine za farmaceutsku ili prehrambenu industriju. Takođe, u ovom istraživanju je testiran i potencijalni rizik vezan za zagađenje bosiljka teškim metalima pri njegovom komercijalnom gajenju na poljoprivrednom zemljištu. Mineralni sastav ispitivanih genotipova uglavnom je uslovljen njegovim genetskim karakteristikama, ukazujući da u ishrani čoveka ova lekovita biljna vrsta može poslužiti kao značajan izvor nekih od esencijalnih elemenata, naročito mikroelemenata (Fe, Mn i Zn), koji generalno doprinose jačanju ljudskog imuno sistema. Posebno je važno što su u ovom istraživanju identifikovani neki genotipovi bogati gvožđem, kao što je to Compact, kao genotip sa ekstremno visokim nivom Fe u herbi (3576,0 mg/kg), a koji bi zajedno sa genotipovima Lattuga (1585,6 mg/kg) i Blue Spice (1167,9 mg/kg) koji sadrže više od 1000 mg/kg Fe u suvoj materiji herbe, trebali da privuku posebnu pažnju kao izvori ovog elementa u ishrani ljudi kod kojih je evidentiran njegov nedostatak, načešće ispoljen sa pojavom anemije, odnosno, slabom sintezom hemoglobina. Gajenje bosiljka na poljoprivrednom zemljištu nije uslovilo povećanu akumulaciju teških metala (Cu, Co, Cu, Ni, Cr i Pb) u herbi, pa se može reći da su ovi proizvodi sa aspekta zagađenosti teškim metalima potpuno bezbedni. Klaster analiza je podelila ispitivane genotipove bosiljka (Ocmium spp.) u dve grupe. Uprkos različitosti između genotipova, sadržaj Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni i Pb uticao je na jasnu podelu između klastera

Microbiological activity of barley rhizosphere grown on deposol

The aim of this paper was to investigate microbiological activity in barley rhizosphere, after the experiment with 17 recultivation treatments of deposols with different organo-mineral materials. The most important agrochemical properties of deposols have been examined. The presence of the microorganisms was determined by the usual microbiological mediums. Dehydrogenase activity was determined by the Cassida et al. method. The deposols were poor in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The number of bacteria ranged from 9.3 to 413.3 × 106g-1. The addition of organo-mineral materials into deposols has caused an increase of microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity, comparing with control

Uticaj supstrata na ožiljavanje vegetativnih podloga jabuke

The paper presents the results of evaluation of the effects of substrata on rooting of the following vegetative apple rootstocks: M9, Emla, Pajam 1 and Pajam 2. Glistenjak, Floradur 1, Floradur 2, Sondermischung grdernererde and Kekkila. Substrata were applied in quantity of 1.5 kg per mother bush, with soil covering as the control. The following parameters were monitored in the study: number of sprouts per bush, sprout length and diameter, length of the rooted section, root weight, number and length of all roots and number and length both of ramified and unramified roots. The substrata had positive effect on all evaluated parameters, which further implies that these should be applied in more intensive rootstock production with the aim of obtaining high quality planting material intended for the establishment of intensive plantings.Na osnovu dvogodišnjih ispitivanja uticaja različitih supstrata na ožiljavanje vegetativnih podloga jabuke utvrđene su značajne razlike kod ispitivanih parametara kod sve tri podloge za jabuku: M 9 Emla, Pajam 1 i Pajam 2. U poređenju sa kontrolnom varijantom korišćeni supstrati, glistenjak, Floradur 1, Floradur 2, Sondermischung grdngrerde i Kekkila su ispoljili pozitivni uticaj na ožiljavanje mladica, broj žila, dužinu žila i masu žila

Uticaj proizvoda komposta na klijanje semena povrća

The aim of this work is determination of influence of different compost leachates and teas types on vegetables seed germination. Composts used for leachate and tea production were produced of municipal waste (MSW) and waste from tobacco industry (TW). Results achieved with MSW products were comparable to control. Compost products derived from TW showed significant phytotoxicity, which can be correlated with their chemical composition. Leachates from MSW compost lead to the lower germination index in comparison to MSW compost teas, which indicates the possibilites their application.Cilj ovog rada je određivanje uticaja različitih kompostnih čajeva i ekstrakata na klijanje semena povrća. Kompost korišćen za dobijanje ekstrakata i čajeva potiče od komunalnog otpada (MSW) i otpada iz duvanske industrije (TW). Rezultati postignuti sa komposnim produktima MSW su uporedivi sa kontrolom. Kompostni produkti dobijeni od TW pokazuju značajnu fitotoksičnost koja se može dovesti u vezu sa njihovim hemijskim sastavom. Ekstrakti od MSW komposta doveli su do nižeg germinacionog indeksa u poređenju sa čajevima, što ukazuje na mogućnosti njihove primene